Bank of Chenango v. Curtiss

Woodworth, J. delivered the opinion of the Court. The act incorporating the Bank of Chenango, enacts, “ that all the parties, whether makers, obligors, drawers, endorsers, or guarantees, of any note, bond, or bill, discounted at said bank, or pledged for money due to the same, are declared to be joint makers, obligors, or drawers, and as such shall and may be sued, declared against, and prosecuted to judgment and execution, jointly; provided, that nothing in the act contained shall alter, or in any way affect the legal liabilities of the parties, or any of them.’’ The defendants are the makers and endorsrs of a promissory note, against whom the plaintiffs have declared jointly, alleging that they made a certain note in writing, their own proper hands and names being thereto subscribed, by which they promised to pay the plaintiffs, ninety days after date, 5,000 dollars, which note the plaintiffs aver was discounted at the Bank of Chenango. The note was made by two of the defendants, and endorsed by the others; at the trial, the plaintiffs proved the handwriting of the makers and endorsers, and a regular demand of payment and notice. The (defendants’ counsel objected to the reading of the note in Í¡vidence, but it was admitted. It is now contended, that he note was not discounted at the bank, and, therefore, annot be given in evidence to support the counts in the ffaintiffs’'declaration. Whether this objection was urged at he trial or not, is immaterial; the objection was general, md may be made here. In order to determine whether it is well founded, we must ecur to the original proposition made bythe defendants, vhich was the basis of the loan. .They propose to deposit !,0QQ dollars, and take from the bank 5,000 dollars, the — 332 — whole of which is marked; the proposition regulated the extent of credit, when interest shall be paid, and on what sums 5 the plaintiffs accede to this. A loan is concluded' on foe terms of this proposition, and a promissory note is executed for 5,000' dollars, payable ninety days from November 17, 1818. By the statement annexed to the case, it appears, that on the 27th of November, the defendants withdrew from the bank the balance that remained of the note, and a part of the deposit; from this, it is evident, the bank did not advance the whole 5,000 dollars, but deducted a part, which must have been for the discount or interest. That the note in question was not discounted in the manner more generally practised at banks, I am not disposed to deny; but that it was not substantially the discount of a note, although terms and conditions were annexed, cannot be admitted. On the credit of this note the defendants raised a sum of money at a certain rate of interest; it was not the less a discount because made subject to special stipulations. The plaintiffs are no where restricted, in this respect, provided the contract they make is legal. The averment, therefore, was supported by proof. But, it is said, the endorsers were discharged, because the money could not be demanded when the note became due, no bills at that time having been returned to the bank. The fact stated is. true; but the consequence does not follow. In determining the liability of the defendants, we must look beyond the note. The proposition made by the defendants having been assented to, by the plaintiffs, became the contract between the parties, on which must depend the question of liability. By that it was agreed, that so long as the defendants kept the 5,000 dollars in circulation, they were to pay no interest; they were at no time to suffer a greater amount to arrive at the bank, than the amount of their deposit, and were to pay interest on all the money marked, from the time it arrived, until returned; and so long as the exchanges were kept good, so long they were to have the money ; either party reserving the privilege oí closing the concern, by giving six months notice ; and provided the defendant did not keep the exchange good, the agreement was forfeited, and the plaintiffs were at liberty — 333 — to call for immediate payment. The answer to this objfeo tion is, that although the note could not be demanded at the end of ninety days, yet being given to secure the payment of the money to which the contract referred, and being subscribed by the endorsers, as well as the makers, and requiring at least six months notice before payment could be exacted, it must be considered that the defendants have expressly waived an objection of this kind, and that the endorsers have assented that this shall continue a Valid note; and that, according to the plain intent of the" parties, it should be controlled by the original proposition and acceptance, so far as related to the time the money was payable. The endorsers, therefore, were not discharged on this ground, for they had, in effect, stipulated to the contrary. ' The same reasoning applies to the objection, that the endorsers are discharged, because the time was extended beyond that specified in the note. The endorsers are not in a situation td urge this, for the note and contract -must be taken together; and then we find the endorsers, as well as the makers, agreeing to the extension. Independent of the contract, had the makers entered into a stipulation With the holders to extend the time, there is no doubt the endorsers would have been discharged. The authorities cited abundantly prove this; but I have not discovered any authority that applies the principle to a case like the present. If the endorsers had paid the amount of the note, when it fell due, they could not recover of the makers, because they would have acted without request, and contrary to the stipulation and understanding of all parties. The declaration states, that the defendants made the note; their own proper hands and names being- thereto subscribed ; it is" admitted, that all did not subscribe the note, for two endorsed it, and'that the note produced, varies from the description given in the count; but the true question is, whether, notwithstanding the variance, the note may not he given in evidence under it. I think the statute has settled this question,, for all the parties, whether makers or endorsers, are declared to be joint makers, and as such may he declared against, arid prosecuted to judgment. This — 334 — authorizes the form of declaring adopted by the plaintiffs, wbich is as on a note against the makers only ; and for the purpose of conducting this action, considers the note as one macje by the defendants jointly. j folly concur with the counsel for the defendants, that this note could not be given -in evidence under the money counts. The statute in this case has given a new remedy, not a new action ; the evidence which supports the statute remedy does not apply to the common law counts. Although a note may be good evidence on the count for money lent against the makers, it is no evidence when the endorsers are joined. The* note does not prove a joint cause of action against them for money lent; no such action, jointly, is known to the common law, and, therefore, the plaintiffs must rely solely on the count on the note, which I think is supported by the evidence. But it is contended that the note is usurious. In ex- • a mining this question, we must view the whole transaction .as it passed between the parties, in order to determine -whether there were any subtle devices or evasions to elude the -statute. After an attentive consideration, it appears to me, that such was not the intent; but that this was a contract prudently entered into by the bank, to guard against the immediate return of their notes, which from their limited circulation was to be apprehended, and to prevent the -necessity of stopping payment. The.defendants were to deposit 2,000 dollars, and take 5,000 dollars in notes of the bank, which were marked. •So .long-.as they kept the whole in circulation, that is, prevented it from returning to the bank, 'they were not to pay interest. This may have been difficult; but it cannot be said to be impracticable ; and if so, the effect would be that the' bank would have the benefit of the deposit of 2,000 dollars, but would receive no interest on 3,000 dollars of the -money loaned: Instead thereof, their operations might be ■facilitated in not being compelled to redeem the money. Again; the defendants are to pay interest on all the money ¡marked., from the time it arrives, until redeemed. The .amount that might return within a given time, was altogether contingent. The defendants had the privilege, .as well — 335 — as the plaintiffs, of closing the concern, by giving six months notice. If they found that the bills were returning to the bank sooner than they calculated, and to an amount that exceeded the 3,000 dollars, and thereby, in effect, subjecting them to pay more -than legal interest, they could discharge themselves, on giving notice, at the end of six months. It was possible that before the end of that period, a large portion or the whole of the bills might have been returned ; and it is true, that in that event they were bound to pay interest, without any allowance of interest on the deposit; and in this way, they might be liable to pay interest on a larger sum than they received; but it does not follow, with certainty, that such would be the case : for example, if at the end of ninety days, 1,000 dollars had returned to the bank, and the defendants had then given notice to close the concern, and at the end of six months, no more than 3,000 dollars had réturned to the bank, then the defendants would pay no more than legal interest, and probably less, as, in that case, the bank could only claim interest from the time the bills were returned, which would necessarily be less than legal interest, calculated from the time the discount was made. It cannot, then, correctly, be said, that usurious interest was, with certainty, reserved. It was altogether uncertain what would be the rate of interest, when the concern was closed. That depended oñ the amount of money returned, and the time when returned ; and would, in a great measure, depend on the continued credit of the bills, and the extent of their circulation. Whether the defendants would pay more or less than legal interest, could not be predicted. The contingency was nicely balanced : the contract appears to have been a fair one, and not intended as a cover for usury. From the terms of this contract, it follows, that the defendants, by keeping the money in circulation, had it in their power to have avoided the payment of any interest. The question then recurs, was there any thing like usury in this transaction ? In Floyd v. Edwards, (Cowp. 115.) Lord Mansfield lays down the law in this manner: that whenever it^is in the power of a known borrower of money, to pay the princi — 336 — pal Bfithin a limite^, time, without interest, upon- non-payjjjent) the reservation of a larger sum than the statute allows, is no u,sury, because, usury is an agreement originally to pay the principal with more than legal interest. (6 Com. Dig. 483. Clayton's case, 5 Co. 69.) In the latter case, it is s.aid, “ if, upqn the first contract, he who lendeth, reserveth no certain sum for the loan, but secundario speret de aliqua retributione, ad voluntatem ejus qui muluattus, est, hoc non est viiliosum." In 1 Hawkins’ P. C. ch. 82. s. 10. the same principle is fully recognized, where the authorities are collected. In Cutler v. How, (8 Mass. Rep. 259.) it was held, that where, by the terms of the contract, the party may, by payment at a certain day, avoid any stipulated penalty, spch contract was not usurious. By the terms of the contract, in that case, the defendant might, by paying in sixty days, have avoided the payment of every thing but the discharge of what was previously due from him. I have already shown, that the defendants in this case might have done the same. The case of the Northampton Bank v. Allen, (10 Mass. Rep. 284.) is much stronger than, the presents. The plaintiffs loaned a sum of money, at a discount of six per cent, with an agreement on the part of the borrower, to redeem with specie the identical bank notes received by him on the loan, if they, should be returned to the bank during the continuance of the loan, which was for six months; and, also, to purchase of the. bank at par, with specie, during the-loan, a certain.amount of the bank notes,not current. The Court, considered this a lawful agreement; that the bank had a right to make arrangements in order to secure themselves against what is commonly called a run upon them ; that it was not such a use. of their moneys and effects, as is prohibited by their act of incorporation, nor was the con-r tract usurious. In the last mentioned case the plaintiffs, received the interest, and the defendant was-bound to redeem the bills that returned, w-ith, specie, which was precisely the same thing as paying interest for them if not redeemed, and so far, it compares with this case. The der. fepdant, in addition, was bound to buy bank notes, not current, at pájy and herein the cases are distinguished. — 337 — On the whole, I am of opinion, that the contract is lawful, and not tainted with usury, and that, consequently, the plaintiffs are entitled to judgment. Judgment for the plaintiffs.