Vrooman v. King

Grover, J. The plaintiff showed title tó the premises found for her by the verdict. Of this no question is made by the defendant. From the exceptions it must be assumed that the defendant gave evidence authorizing the jury to find that the defendant and those whose estate he had, had occupied the premises adversely to the plaintiff’s title for upward of twenty-five years before suit brought. To rebut this defense, the plaintiff gave evidence tending to show that those in possession had from time to time, recognized the — 478 — validity of the title under which she claimed, and that they had disclaimed any title in themselves. Humerous exceptions were taken by the defendant to the evidence given by the plaintiff, and the, only question in the case is whether any of these exceptions are well taken. It appeared that William Beeves was in possession for some years of a portion of the premises recovered by the plaintiff. The plaintiff proved that the old man, Beeves, had been to Jones, and'when he came home he said, “ Wife, I have sold my pine land ” (land in question). She said, “ You have been in a scrape, and given old Jim Jones that land.” He said he had not, that he had sold it to Jones, and given him twenty years to pay for it in. He had better get something than nothing; that he had no title, that the widow Kissam was coming to take the land away from him; that he could not hold it if she came. The case states that this evidence was here objected to on the ground that it was the declaration of Beeves after he had sold. That the objection was overruled for the present, and to be considered in the charge, and defendant’s counsel excepted. The judge, in substance, charged the jury that he coul 1 not tell certainly whether these declarations were made before Beeves sold to Jones or not: that, if he could, and it was after he sold, he should have excluded it; if before, it was competent. He further charged that, if it' was after he sold to Jones, but before he gave up possession, it was still competent. I think the learned • judge fell into an error in determining the question as to the competency of this evidence. It was his duty to determine that question. He had, no right to submit it to the jury upon any facts to be found by them; were "this so, a party could never know what evidence had been received and what rejected. Still, if the evidence was competent the party objecting could not complain that its admissibility was left to the jury. Ho injury would be done to .him. The evidence should have been held competent by the court, and the chance given for its rejection would be an error in favor of the party excepting. But the evidence should have been rejected by the — 479 — judge. The plaintiff introduced the declaration of Beeves that proved, as against him, that he had sold the lot, and the presumption was that he had given up possession. This presumption was not overcome, for there was no evidence that Beeves ever had any thing to do with the land after this conversation. The plain inference from his declarations was that Beeves had parted with all his interest in the land, and delivered possession to Jones. There was no ground therefore upon which his declarations could be received to defeat or impair the title of Jones, and receiving them and submitting to the jury whether they should be considered as evidence was error. It was for the plaintiff to show that evidence offered by him was competent. It was not enough to create a doubt in the' mind of the judge and then leave it to the jury to determine how the matter stood. There can be no doubt but that the evidence tended strongly to the prejudice of the defendant. The jury, after listening to his disclaimer of title and declaration that Mrs. Kissam. was coming and would hold the land, and that for those reasons he had sold, would regard it as conclusive that he had not and did not claim title, but that the land was Mrs. Bissam’s. This renders it unnecessary to examine any of the other exceptions. The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered. Davies, Ch. J. This is an action of ejectment;. and upon the trial the plaintiff sought to show title in herself and out of the defendant, by proving the declarations of one Beeves, a former owner of the land, and through whom the defendant claimed title. Solomon Higgins, a witness for the plaintiff, was asked, “ While Beeves was in possession, what did you hear him say in relation to the title or ownership of that land ? ” Answer— “ I heard him say he had no title to the land; he had better get a little something for it than lose it; that the widow Eissam was coming to claim it. (The defendant’s counsel objected to the evidence, as being what Beeves had said after he sold his possession. Objection overruled for the present, — 480 — and exception taken.) I heard Reeves say to his wife that he had nothing but a squatter’s title; she was desiring to know why he sold it (same objection; ruling and exception as above); the first conversation was with a young man who lived there; the next was when he sold; the old man Reeves had been to Jones, and when he came home he said, ‘Wife, I have sold my pine land;’ she said, ‘You have been in a scrape and given old Jim Jones that land;’ he said he had not; that he had sold it to Jones and given him twenty years to pay for it in; that the widow Kissam was coming to take the land away from him; that he could not hold it if she came.” This evidence here objected to by the defendant’s counsel, because it was sayings of Reeves after the sale of land by him, and not evidence against Jones and those claiming under him. The objection was overruled for the present, and to be considered in the charge, and the defendant excepted. At a subsequent stage of the trial, the defendant, by his counsel, made a motion to strike out the evidence of Higgins. Motion overruled for the present, on the ground that the court would submit to the jury the question whether Reeves was in the actual possession of the premises when the conversation took place between Reeves and his wife. If not in the actual possession, at the time, of the premises in question, the jury would be instructed that the admissions of Reeves were not in evidence. The court charged, among other things, as follows : “ That part of the testimony of Solomon Higgins detailing conversations between Reeves and his wife, and Reeves and a young man, is objected to by the defendant’s counsel, because, as he alleges, it was made by Reeves after he had sold his interest in his land to Jones. If I could determine certainly from the language used by the witness, that what Reeves said was after he had actually sold to Jones I should have rejected it and not troubled you with it. Such saying of Reeves is not proper evidence in this case, and it will be your duty to disregard it unless said by Reeves while in possession of the premises in question. If it was after he sold to Jones but before he delivered possession, the evidence is then proper for your consideration, but only then to charae — 481 — terize his possession. - If, however,- from the language of the witness, you come to the conclusion that the whole or any part of what - Reeves said was after sale and delivery of possession to Jones, then you must entirely disregard the whole of such part of Reeves’ sayings as- evidence, and dispose of the case without allowing it to have any influence upon you.” The jury thereupon rendered a verdict for the plaintiff, and the defendant makes his bill of exceptions, and upon hearing same at General Term the defendant’s exceptions were overruled and judgment on the verdict affirmed. It is proper to observe, that on-the trial the plaintiff offered in evidence the deposition of Raymond Taylor, taken conditionally under the statute, and the same was objected to by the defendant on the following grounds: - First, There was no certificate of the officer taking the- saíne, that it was taken before him, or regularly taken, or that it had been carefully read over to the witness; also, that there was no certifi cote thereof by the said officer,- but merely a jurat. The objections were overruled and the deposition read in evi - dence, to which the-defendants counsel duly excepted. The caption and conclusion of the deposition were in these words: “ Albany, ss. Deposition of Raymond Taylor, a witness on the part of the plaintiff in above entitled action, taken before the undersigned, county judge of Albany county, de bene esse, pursuant to the statute, and the order hereto annexed, at the time and place in said order mentioned, in presence of the counsel for the plaintiff and also the counsel for the above named defendant. • The said witness, Raymond Taylor, being by -me duly sworn, deposes and says: * ***** **** * (Signed.) RAYMOND TAYLOR. Sworn before me, 28th May, 1851, Wm. Pabmelee, Counts/ Judge.” No exceptions were taken to the refusal of the judge at the circuit, to strike out the testimony of Solomon Higgins, — 482 — upon the defendant’s motion, nor were any exceptions taken to the charge of the judge. The only exception taken, which can properly be reviewed in this court, is that to the reception of the evidence of Beeves, the immediate grantee of Jones, from whom defendant claimed title. A careful reading of the whole of this testimony carries the clear conviction that Higgins was testifying to declarations and statements made by Beeves, after he had sold the premises to Jones, and while he still remained in possession of the premises so sold. It is manifest that the judge at the circuit so understood the testimony, for he charged the jury that if these conversations were after Beeves sold to Jones, and after he ceased to continue in possession of the premises, then the jury were to disregard them; but if, at the time they were made, Beeves was still in the possession of the premises, even though made after the sale, then they were competent evidence. And the distinction drawn by the judge in his charge presents clearly the point for adjudication. Were the statements made by Beeves, after the sale by him, and while in possession of the premises, competent evidence? The reason why the declarations or statements of a party are ever admissible is, that they affect his title or possession, and characterize the same, while owner or in possession, and are consequently binding upon the party making the' same, and his privies. But if made by a party not an owner at the time, upon what principle can they be held to affect his grantee ? Thompson, Ch. J., in Jackson v. Aldrich (15 Johns., 106), thought this rule very clear, as he says: “ For it is a proposition that cannot be questioned, that a grantor cannot, after the execution of his deed, lawfully do any act to prejudice the rights of his grantee; nor are declarations, confessions or admissions of his to be admitted against the grantee.” The same principle was affirmed by the chancellor in Varick v. Briggs (6 Paige, 323). The doctrine is very fully discussed by the chancellor in Padgett v. Lawrence (10 id., 170). The chancellor says : “As a general rule, declarations ipade by a person in possession of real estate, as to his — 483 — interest or title in the property, may be given in evidence against those who subsequently derive title under him, in the same manner as they could have been used against the party himself if he had not parted with his possession or interest. On the other hand, it is equally well settled that no declaration of a former owner of the property, made after he had parted with his interest therein, can be received in evidence to affect the legal or equitable title to the premises. (1 Cow-en’s & Hill’s Notes, 644, 655.) And, in this case, it was held that declarations made by the owner of real estate, subsequent to the docketing of a judgment, by virtue of a sale, under which a purchaser claimed title to the premises, were inadmissible to defeat the title of such purchaser. In the case at'bar, as already observed, the fair inference from the whole testimony is that the declarations of Reeves, admitted in evidence, were made after his sale to Jones. The term sale, as here used, imports a conveyance of the premises, or a parting with the interest which Reeves had therein to Jones, and thereafter Reeves could do no act to prejudice the rights of his grantee. J ones did not derive his title subsequent to such declarations, but prior thereto, and, therefore, they were inadmissible to prejudice the title which Jones then had acquired by virtue of the sale to him. It is true that the rule is well settled, in our own and the English courts, that the declarations of the person in possession of the premises, as to his title, are admissible against the person making the same, and all who claim title under him. (Jackson v. Vredenburgh, 1 Johns., 159; Jackson v. Bond, 4 id., 230; Pitts v. Wilder, 1 Comst., 525; 1 Esp. Cases, 458; 2 Term, 53.) But in all these cases the possession was that of a person claiming title and acting in accordance with such claim, and not by one disclaiming title, and declaring at the time that his possession was not that of owner, but at the will or sufferance of another, the real owner. In Jackson v. Vredenburgh, stress was laid upon the circumstances in admitting the declarations, that the person making the same had leased the whole premises as her own, had received and applied the — 484 — whole rents, had offered to sell and did sell the premises as her own, and uniformly during her life declared the premises to be her own. In Jackson v. Bond the declarations admitted were by a person who went into possession of the premises under an agreement to purchase, and remained there in that character, and subsequently took a deed, and the defendant claimed title under him. The witness was asked in that case what she heard Smith say about his title while he was in possession, and before he sold the premises. Beeves, after the sale to Jones, by continuing in the possession of the premises sold, was the ten ant-at-suffer anee of Jones. (Hyatt v. Wood, 4 Johns., 150; S. C., id., 313; Jackson v. Aldrich, 13 Johns., 106; 4 Kent’s Com., 128.) In any aspect in which the question may be regarded, the declarations of Beeves, after his sale to Jones, cannot be received, as evidence for any purpose, although it be assumed that they were made before Beeves actually delivered the possession of the premises ' to Jones. The declarations of Beeves, while a mere tenant at sufferance of Jones, as he certainly was after the sale to him, could not, under any circumstances, be received as evidence against the latter, or those claiming under him, to prejudice or impair his or their title to the premises. And if it be doubtful whether the declarations were made by the grantor before or after he made the sale and gave his deed, they cannot be received in evidence. It is incumbent on the party claiming to put in evidence such declarations, to lay the proper foundation for their introduction. It therefore becomes his duty clearly to establish in the first instance that the declarations were made before the execution of the deed, and before he parted with his interest in the premises. (1 C. & H. Notes, 686 ; 2 Gill & Johns., 326, 343, 344.) It is very clear that in this case the whole statement of . Beeves must be taken a;s an entirety. And by one portion of it it distinctly appears that previous to the making thereof he had sold the premises to Jones. This fact thus appearing, the residue of the declaration in relation to his title was inadmissible, and should not have been received. And as it — 485 — already had been, notwithstanding the defendant’s objection, it should have been stricken out on his motion, and wholly withdrawn from the consideration of the jury. For this error a new trial must be granted. I have not overlooked the objection taken to the introduction of the deposition of Raymond Taylor. I am inclined to the opinion that the statements in the caption of the deposition, and the jurat, and thé certificate thereof by the oifieer who took the same, and his certificate indorsed on the back of the deposition, are substantial compliances with the provisions of th'e statute. But as it is not necessary to pass upon that question, it is to be understood that mo definite opinion is expressed upon it. Judgment" should be reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event. All concur. Reversed. Postee, J., not voting.