Goerlitz v. Malawista

Barrett, J. The question presented by the agreed case is whether a specific performance should be decreed of a contract for the purchase of certain premises in this city. The plaintiff is the vendor, and he asks a judgment requiring the defendants to so perform. The defendants ask to be released, and pray that the plaintiff be required to return to them the sum paid on account of the purchase price. The objection to the plaintiff’s title arises from the will of W. Anderson Waydell, who owned one undivided third interest in the premises in question. The clauses of this will which we are called upon to consider are the second and fifth. They read as follows: “Second. I give and bequeath unto my wife, Mary Elizabeth Waydell, all my real and personal estate whatsoever, and wheresoever, for and during her natural life, if she shall so long continue and remain my widow, and upon her decease or second marriage the same to revert to my son, Anderson, or his issues, and such other children as I shall leave, or their issues, share and share alike: provided, that the issues of any deceased child of mine to be entitled to and receive only such portion as their parent would have received if.living.” “Fifth. Incase my wife deceases or marries again, leaving no children of mine or their issues living,- then I bequeath all my estate, both real and personal, to my surviving brothers and sisters, share and share alike.” The widow, Mary Elizabeth Waydell, is still alive, and has not remarried. Anderson Waydell was the testator’s only son. He is alive and unmarried. The plaintiff claims title under a deed executed by the widow and this son. The surviving brothers and sisters referred to in the fifth clause of the will have fortified this deed,—two of them by a quitclaim, and two by a full covenant warranty deed. The plaintiff contends that these deeds cover every possible interest in the premises, while the defendants insist that Anderson Waydell could not, by a conveyance during the life-time of the widow, cut off the contingent interests of his future-born children. The question thus presented is an interesting one. W. Anderson Waydell gave his widow a life-estate, so long as she remained a widow. Upon her decease or second mar [833] riage the property was “to revert”—meaning “to go”—“to Anderson Way-dell or his issues.” Both sides agree, and correctly, that the words “or his issues,” as here used, are not words of limitation,.but of substitution. There is, indeed, nothing in the will which would justify our changing the phrase from the disjunctive to the conjunctive. The disjunctive was used advisedly. It appears again in the expression which immediately follows: “And such other children as I shall leave, or their issues;” and it appears once more in the fifth clause. And, further, the “issues” of any deceased child are to take “only such portion as their parent'would have received if living.” Thus the devise was clearly meant to be in the alternative, and substitutionary. The real difference between the parties is whether the contingency referred to is the death of the testator or the death of the life-tenant. The plaintiff, conceding that the words “or his issues” are substitutionary, claims that they were used to prevent a lapse in case Anderson Way dell should not be living at-the testator’s death; and that thus, as Anderson survived his father, he took absolutely. The defendants, on the other hand, making the same concession as to the substitutionary character of the words, claim that Anderson took a. conditional fee, subject to its being defeated by the birth of issue hereafter, and the death of Anderson during the life of the life-tenant. It is a well-settled general rule that, where there is a devise or bequest, simplioiter, to-on e person, and in case of his death to another, the words refer to a death in the life-time of the testator. Vanderzee v. Slingerland, 103 N. Y. 53, 8 . E. Rep. 247. But this rule only applies when the context of the will is silent, and affords no indication of a contrary intent. Id. 103 N. Y. 56, 8 N. E. Rep. 250. “Indeed,” said Andrews, J., “the tendency is to lay hold of slight, circumstances in the will to vary the construction, and to give effect to the language according to its natural import.” This doctrine was reaffirmed and applied in Re Railway Co., 105 N. Y. 95, 11 N. E. Rep. 492. There can be no doubt that such circumstances exist in the case at bar. The plaintiff’s contention entirely overlooks the provision as to the remarriage of the life-tenant. The estate is given to her for and during her natural life, “if she shall so long continue and remain” the testator’s widow; and, “upon her decease or second marriage,” it is to “revert” to Anderson or his issues. How could the testator possibly have intended the estate to so revert upon his own death? He might have contemplated his wife’s decease during his life-time, but scarcely her second marriage. It is plain that he intended the alternative gift to relate to the termination of the life-estate (while in actual enjoyment) by the death or remarriage of his widow. Thus Anderson took a remainder vested in right, but not in possession or enjoyment, and subject to be divested by his own death, with or without issue, during the life-time of the widow. In the latter contingency, the. interest of his issue, if he have issue, will be changed from a contingent to a vested remainder. Moore v. Lyons, 25 Wend. 144. And such issue will take as purchasers under the will, and not as heirs at law of their father. In the same contingency, if he die without issue the executory devise over under the fifth clause will take effect. This fifth clause, read in connection with the last words of the second clause, “as their parent would have received if living,” strengthens these views, and the entire purpose of the testator becomes apparent. The remainder is to vest in possession and enjoyment upon the death or remarriage of the life-tenant. Then, “if living,” he is to receive what has previously been vested in right. Upon the happening of either of those events,— the death or remarriage of the widow,—the fee is to vest absolutely in Anderson, if he be then living. If not, it is to so vest in his living issue, if such there be. If, however, Anderson be then dead, and without living issue, the gift over takes effect-. This conclusion is supported by the cases already cited, and also by the English authorities: Girdlestone v. Doe, 2 Sim. 225; Salisbury v. Petty, 3 Hare, 93; Price v. Lockley, 6 Beav. 180; 1 Jarm. Wills, (5th [834] Amer. Ed.) 515-517; 2 Jarm. Wills, 790-793. In Girdlestone v. Doe a testator bequeathed £40 per annum to A. for life,-and after her decease to B. or his heirs. It was held that B. did not take the absolute interest, but that the words “or his heirs” created a substitutional gift for his next of kin, in the event of Bi dying in the life-time of A. Price v. Lockley seems to be precisely in point, except that the will related solely to personalty, while here the residue is mixed. The bequest was to the testator’s wife for life, or so long as she should remain his widow; and after her decease or second marriage, in either case, the property was to be sold, and the proceeds divided equally “among the testator’s four children, or the survivor of them, or their heirs.” One of four sons assigned his share in the life-time of the widow, just as Anderson has done in the case at bar. This son died before the widow, leaving five children. It was held, upon the death of the widow, that these children took by way of substitution, as against their father’s assignee. And in Salisbury v. Petty the word “or” -was held to mean, in case of the death of the primary legatee, prior to the actual receipt of the legacy, leaving issue; for which proposition the vice-chancellor cited Heney v. McLaughlin, 1 Price, 264, and the cases collected by Mr. Jarman, (1 Jarm. Wills, 452, 454; 2 Jarm. Wills, 699 et seq.) The case'of Black v. Williams, 4 N. Y. Supp. 243, does not conflict with these authorities. There the contingency was plainly to happen in the life-time of the testator. Ponqué gave a life-estate to his widow, and a vested remainder, with full power of disposition, to his son. Be then proceeded: “In case of the death of both my wife and son, and that my son should be without any legitimate family, my property * * * should go to my family.” In harmonizing the latter provision with the full power of disposal given to the son, there is a plain implication after the phrase, “in case of the death of both my wife and son,” of the words, “before my death.” It is therefore our judgment that no conveyance by Anderson, during the life-time of the widow, can cut off the interest of any children hereafter born to him. Such children will take by substitution, in case of his death during his mother’s life. At all events, the plaintiff’s right is certainly not so free from doubt as to enable him to give the defendants a marketable title, under the rules which govern in specific performance, and consequently the defendants should not be compelled to take. There should therefore be judgment, upon the agreed case, for the defendants, releasing them from the contract, and directing the repayment of $2,000, and interest from the 17th day of May, 1889, with costs. Van Brunt, P. J., and Bartlett, J.,-concur in the result.