Corlett, J. In 1826 one Bissell, being the owner of a tract of land, (in what is now the city of Rochester,) laid the same out into a village plot known as “Corn Hill,” and filed a map thereof in the Monroe county clerk’s office. Upon this map were lots 42, 43, 44, and 45. Between 45 and the other lots there was a lane or alley extending from Clay street, now Tremont, north to an open field. In 1856 John Connolly became the owner of lot 45. In March, 1884, the plaintiff became the owner of that lot.
John Connolly became the owner of lot 42 in October, 1845, and the defendant, in November, 1888, through conveyances from Connolly became the owner of lot 42, including the alley between it and lot 45. It thus appears that the plaintiffs and the defendant obtained title through Bissell, the common owner. The referee finds that after the year 1826 the alley was used by the public down to 1846, and that it became by user a public alley.
He also finds that by virtue of deeds the owners of lot 45 before 1846 acquired an easement over the alley and the title in fee to one-half, subject to the rights of the public and the owners of adjoining lots thereon; that John Connolly became the owner of lot 42 prior to 1846, and continued such until his death in 1888; that between 1846 and 1850 Connolly closed the alley, and erected a gate in front of it on Tremont street; that a fence stood on it at its west line, between it and lot 45; that he after-wards planted trees on the strip, and erected coal sheds, and from 1850 down to the time of his death was in the actual possession of the same, claiming to be the owner thereof; that the former alley has been abandoned by the public as a highway or public alley for over 40 years before the commencement of this action, and ceased to be a public highway or alley; that when Connolly conveyed lot 45 to Dickson, through whom the plaintiffs obtained title, Connolly was in the actual possession of the strip in question, claiming to own the 382 same, and that title was taken by Dickson with full knowledge of the fact; that it was not intended to convey any interest in the former alley to Dickson, and that Dickson did not understand that he acquired any title or easement to such alley by virtue of such deed; that from 1850 Connolly and the grantees of lot 42 continued in the open and exclusive possession of said strip; that in April, 1889, the defendant commenced the construction of a building on said strip, to restrain which this action is brought.
The referee dismissed the complaint. The evidence warrants the referee’s findings. Affirmative acts of abandonment appear in the case. In 1874 the board of public works of the city of Rochester was authorized to perform the duties of highway commissioners, and passed an ordinance for opening an alley from Tremont street.
Commissioner Cram reported on this subject that so far as he could ascertain the lane had been occupied as private grounds for many years, and that an opening of the same would be a convenience to one party and an actual detriment to others. It does not appear that any affirmative action was taken upon this report after its reception, but it does appear that no action was taken to open or use the alley.
It also appears that Tremont street was improved by an asphalt pavement by the city of Rochester under the direction of its highway officers, and a curb was placed between the traveled portion of said street and said alley, thus obstructing the free passage from said highway into the alley.
It is a familiar rule that an encroachment or obstruction placed upon a highway, or the taking of possession by an individual, or fencing it up, will not affect or diminish the public rights in it, or prevent its being opened and worked; also that the doctrine of adverse possession has no application to public highways. Burbank v. Fay, 65 N. Y. 57; Orphan Asylum v. City of Troy, 76 N. Y. 108. To the same effect are numerous other authorities.
But the public may abandon its claim to a public highway; and non-user for 20 years is some evidence of such intent. When, in connection with non-user, there is affirmative evidence of a clear determination to abandon, the public interest is extinguished. Crain v. Fox, 16 Barb. 184; Corning v. Gould, 16 Wend. 531; City of Peoria v. Johnston, 56 Ill. 45, 50; Amsbey v. Hinds, 46 Barb. 622; affirmed on appeal in 48 N. Y. 57.
It seems to be assumed by the commission of appeals in the case last cited that a public highway, whether it was laid out, or became such by user or dedication, would cease to be such for any purpose, if not traveled or used for six years. There is no claim here that this lane or alley was traveled or used at all as an alley or highway after the passage of chapter 811 of the Laws of 1861.
But in this case’it appears with sufficient clearness that the public abandoned this lane as á thoroughfare more than 40 years before the commencement of this action. The referee’s conclusion that it had ceased to be a public highway was correct. It is the rule that where deeds are delivered and received with reference to a map showing alleys and streets, the right to use the easement attaches as a part of the grant. Bridges v. Wyckoff, 67 N. Y. 130.
In construing a deed, and what is conveyed, reference must be had to the condition of the premises at the time of the conveyance. Mott v. Mott, 68 N. Y. 246; Lampman v. Milks, 21 N. Y. 505; Voorhees v. Burchard, 55 N. Y. 104; Simmons v. Cloonan, 81 N. Y. 557. When the conveyance was made to the plaintiff, the lane had no existence; it was occupied by the grantor. He was in possession of it as his own property.
Snell v. Levitt, 110 N. Y. 595, 18 N. E. Rep. 370, is an authority showing that under the circumstances the plaintiff had no interest in this alley. There appears to be no error in the rejection of the evidence to which exception was taken. Judgment affirmed. Macomb cr, J., concurs.
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