People v. Snaith

Landon, J. We think this order must be reversed for the reason that it does not appear by the affidavits presented that the cáuse of action stated in the complaint against the defendant actually exists. The right to the order of arrest in this case depends upon the nature of the action, and the Code requires that it must appear by affidavit that the cause of action also exists. 590 Section 557. The cause of action must not only be stated, but its existence must be made to appear by affidavit. The arrest of the defendant in a civil action founded upon an alleged wrongful act is a provisional and extraordinary remedy, is allowed before final judgment, and' therefore before it can be definitely known whether the plaintiff can maintain his case. The provision of the Code, that before the order can be granted it must appear by affidavit that such a sufficient cause of action exists against the defendant, is the only-positive safeguard of his personal liberty which the law affords to a defendant against whom such a cause of action is stated. In this case affidavits are submitted, but in none of them is it stated that the affiants know that the cause of action actually exists, nor do the statements made by the several affiants, taken together; show that all the facts constituting the cause of action are known among them. In legal sense, a cause of action exists when the facts constituting it are provable, and, failing more exact proof, the plaintiff can make out his case for an arrest by showing that the proof of the necessary facts is within his procurement. Many of the material facts are here stated upon information and belief. Such a statement is evidence of the good faith of the affiant, but it is worthless, as evidence of the material facts constituting the cause of action, unless the affiant also states such other facts within his own knowledge as tend to show with satisfactory certainty that the material facts are within the knowledge of others, and provable by them. In the latter case it is obvious that the affidavits of such other persons should be produced if it is reasonably practicable to do it; for when they are not produced there is danger that the court will be misled by overstatements induced by the zeal of parties and counsel. The non-production of the affidavits of persons whose knowledge of the facts is relied upon should be satisfactorily excused. When the plaintiff resorts to methods most liable to mistakes he should take the more care to guard against them. It is believed that these views are supported by a great weight of authority, and are as liberal to the plaintiff as can well consist with a proper regard for the right of personal liberty. Martin v. Gross, 4 N. Y. Supp. 337; Thompson v. Best, Id. 229; Crandall v. Bryan, 15 How. Pr. 48; Whitlock v. Roth, 5 How. Pr. 143; De Nierth v. Sidner, 25 How. Pr. 419; Roderigas v. Institution, 76 N. Y. 316, 323; Bennett v. Edwards, 27 Hun, 352; Hallock v. Van Camp, 8 N. Y. Supp. 588. The cause of action stated in the complaint is that the defendants fraudulently conspired together to defraud the state of money and property by means amounting to a cheat, (Pen. Code, § 168;) and that, in furtherance of such conspiracy, and in pursuance of it, the defendants did the several acts set forth in the complaint, whereby they did cheat and defraud the state of large sums of money. In the view which we take of the complaint, and which is professedly the theory of the pleader, the conspiracy is the gravamen of the charge. The specifications of the acts done are specifications in support of the charge of the conspiracy, and, although manifestly some of the specifications might have been so pleaded as to set forth separate causes of actions against one or more of the defendants, yet, so far as the order of arrest is concerned, we cannot regard them as so pleaded. The plaintiff, therefore, must show, within the rules already stated, that the cause of action for a conspiracy, as stated, exists,—not necessarily in every part and detail of all the charges, but in every material part necessary to constitute the conspiracy, and in every material part of some one of the sufficient specifications under such charge of conspiracy. The complaint charges that the defendants unlawfully conspired together to cheat and defraud the state of large sums of-money substantially in this wise: (1) To procure the passage of chapter 582, Laws 1888, being an act for the removal of the old ceiling of the assembly chamber in the capítol, and its replacement by a new one; (2) to procure the commission authorized by the said act to make contracts for such work in be 591 half of the state, to award the contract therefor to the defendant Snaith, and enter into a contract therefor with him. in such fraudulently deceptive and imperfect form as would permit him, with the co-operation of the defendant Andrews, to do the work in such second-class form and style as would enable them to take as large profits under it as they should venture to take the risk of; (3) to obtain payments as for work properly done, when in fact not done, and in excess of what would be due if properly done; (4) to substitute different and inferior plans and specifications for those approved by the commission, so as to make it appear that the contract embraced the substituted plans and specifications. The complaint then charges the acts done in execution of the conspiracy, with the net result of defrauding the state of §250,-563.09. It is not charged in the complaint that the conspiracy to procure the passage of the act was followed by any overt act in furtherance of its purpose. The existence of such a conspiracy is not shown to be provable. Respecting the conspiracy to procure the award of the contract to Snaith, it undoubtedly is provable that he was the lowest bidder; that one of the other competing bids was made at his instance; that the contract was awarded to him; that such contract was based upon plans which had been prepared by an architect employed by Andrews in his capacity as superintendent of public buildings, assuming to act under the authority conferred by the act of 1888 referred to; that such plans and specifications were approved by the commission acting in behalf of the state; that the said contract and the plans and specifications, except the drawings accompanying them, or which were to accompany them, are as set forth in the complaint. There can be no doubt that the contract was sufficient for the proper performance of the work if the plans and specifications were properly prepared. The act of 1888, § 1, provides that the committee “shall have power to employ an architect to make plans and specifications, and all repairs and alterations shall be made in accordance with such plans and specifications after the same shall be approved by said committee, or a majority of them, in writing, and said plans and specifications, when so approved, shall not be changed, except upon the written consent of a majority of said committee.” The plaintiffs must repel the presumption of sufficiency which arises from the official preparation and approval of these plans and specifications, and show their ability to prove, not only that they were insufficient, but that they were so made or left in pursuance of the fraudulent conspiracy of the defendants. For the reasons stated above and in the opinion of the court below, we reject as unreliable all the conjectures and inferences drawn by the affiants from alleged documents and testimony, no part of which the plaintiffs have deemed it important to place upon the record. Also the conversations of persons who, refusing to verify their statements, have been excused from verifying them. The affidavit upon which the plaintiffs must mainly rely to show that they can prove this part of their case is made by A. Russell. Mr. Russell was one of the committee of architects appointed by the assembly to examine the assembly ceiling and make report thereon. This report is presented with Mr. Russell’s affidavit. The report states that the specifications are general in character; that they are not adequate, unless accompanied by complete, clear, and carefully prepared drawings; that 27 drawings were first submitted to these experts, and 24 additional drawings later. Upon the testimony or proofs presented to the committee of experts, they report that only 9 of the 51 drawings existed prior to the award of the contract. These 9, the committee report, are so vague and incomplete as to render any competitive bids upon them useless as estimates of the value of the work-. The committee therefore express doubt of the bonafldes of such bids. The committee do not say that the 9 drawings, taken in. connection with the specifications, do not indicate the nature, character, and extent of the work, but they do say they do not do so adequately. The committee, however, do find them sufficiently specific 592 and clear to enable them to report five substantial subsequent departures from, them in the subsequent performance of the work. The committee do not report upon the effect of the 42 other drawings, which they assume were made subsequently to the award of the contract. They report that 24 of them were apparently used in the construction of the work, and they maintain a silence as to the other 18, except that most of them were made in pencil, without date, unsigned, and without titles. A Mr. Eowe, as it elsewhere appears, was the chief draughtsman and architect. His name was unknown to the committee of expert architects as an expert name. Mr. Bussell states in his affidavit that “all the facts stated in said report are true.” This language is equivocal in form, but we do not think any equivocation was intended. What the experts mean to express is that, upon the conclusions of facts which they inferred to be true from the evidence and appearances before them, the specifications were, in their opinion, at the time the award was made, inadequate to indicate as fully as was necessary the extent, details, and quality of the work required. Their opinion, upon established architectural facts, is without doubt entitled to confidence, but their assumption that the facts which they assumed as the basis of their opinion were established in no wise tends to establish them. Looking into the other affidavits in the case, we fail to find that of the 51 drawings in the case only 9 were in existence at the time the award was made. But, assuming that the plans and specifications were imperfect, we still need something more than conjecture to show that the imperfection is due to a criminal conspiracy. The complaint is so framed as to suggest the idea that the people may fail upon this part of their case, and, if so, that they may charge the conspiracy as beginning after the award and execution of the contract, and as embracing the fraudulent departure from it as made, and the substitution of inferior and less expensive work, and the procurement of overpayment for that. The papers presented do show that the plaintiffs will be able to prove that Snaith did not perform the contract as made, and in many respects substituted an inferior and different work for that which he had agreed to perform, and that he obtained payment beyond what was his due. It also appears that the defendant Andrews approved the bills upon which payments were made to Snaith. This, however, does not show that a conspiracy between Andrews and Snaith is provable. Facts must be presented tending to show that Andrews’ approval was collusive, and in pursuance of the conspiracy. The fact is shown that Mrs. Andrews has acquired some property which may have been given to her by or through Snaith, but such gift does not appear to be provable. That Andrews ahd Snaith were friendly and intimate is probably provable. If there were evidence of collusion and confederacy such evidence would tend to confirm It, but it does not of itself tend to show it. There is a charge that Andrews obtained $7,500 for alleged expenses of the commission upon his promise to produce the vouchers, which promise he did not fulfill. There may be a separate cause of action against Andrews for this sum, as there may be against Snaith for defrauding the state. But, as before remarked, the order of arrest must fail with the failure to show that the charge of conspiracy is provable. It cannot be sustained by showing separate causes of action against the defendants severally, since, in such case, the order would be granted for one purpose and perverted to another,—to the subversion of the right of personal liberty. We do not mean to say that the people may not be able to maintain the cause of action they have stated. What we do say is, they do not now show their ability to prove it with that clearness which can justify an order depriving the defendants of their liberty. Undoubtedly great labor must be performed and great difficulties surmounted to make a clear presentation of ability to-prove such a case. Possibly this fact, and the gravity of the wrong charged, and the indignation it would naturally excite, may have induced some reliance upon a judicial presumption against the defendants. Be this as it 593 may, we must take care lest we trench upon the safeguards of liberty itself. Order reversed, with $10 costs and disbursements, and motion granted, with $10 costs. All concur.