Wilcox v. Howe

Martin, J. This is an appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the •Jefferson county court, entered upon the verdict of a jury, rendered under the direction of the court. The judgment awarded to the plaintiff the possession of a horse and wagon, and determined their value at $85. It also awarded to the plaintiff 6 cents damages, and $72.59 costs. The action was to recover the possession of the horse and wagon in question. They had been levied upon and taken by the defendant as a constable by virtue of a warrant of attachment against the property of the plaintiff issued out of a justice’s court. The plaintiff based his right to recover the possession of the property on the ground that it was exempt from levy and sale under execution. It was not exempt under the provisions of section 1890 of the Code of Civil Procedure. If exempt, it was under section 1391, and because it constituted a part of the working tools or team of the plaintiff, who was a householder hav 784 ing a family, for which he provided. The evidence discloses that when the-property in question was taken the plaintiff had property of the description mentioned in section 1391 of the Code, which was of the value of $340, including the property in question. There was no evidence that he, before action, claimed this property as exempt, nor that he demanded it of the defendant-On the trial the court held that no such claim or demand was necessary, but that it was the duty of an officer executing a warrant of attachment to determine at his peril that the property taken by him was not and could not be-properly claimed as exempt. Upon that ground alone a verdict was directed for the plaintiff. The correctness of that ruling presents the only question necessary to be determined upon this appeal. This ruling is sought to be-sustained upon the ground that it was justified by the provisions of section 2909 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that the constable must, execute a warrant of attachment by levying upon the goods and chattels of the defendant “not exempt from levy and sale by virtue of an execution.” In determining the effect to be given to this provision, it is necessary to-briefly examine the provisions of the Code which relate to property exempt from execution. Section 1390 provides that certain specified articles of personal property, when owned by a householder, shall be exempt. - Section 1391 provides that, “in addition to the exemptions allowed by the last section,, necessary household furniture, working tools, and team, professional instruments, furniture, and library, not exceeding in value $250, * * * are exempt from levy and sale by virtue of an execution when owned by a person, being a householder, or having a family, for which he provides.” There are-two classes of exemptions provided for by the statute. One relates to certain articles, which are specifically enumerated, and absolutely exempted. The-other is limited to the sum of $250, and there may be claimed under it property of the kind mentioned in section 1391 to that amount, but to that amount, only. The latter exemption is limited and indefinite; and, where the debtor has property of that character of greater value than $250, it is dependent upon his election as to the particular property that may be retained by him as exempt. Construing the provisions of section 2909 in the light of the provisions of sections 1390 and 1391, the inquiry presents itself whether the provision that a constable must execute an attachment by levying upon "the, property of the defendant not exempt from levy and sale under execution in effect forbids the officer to levy upon any property that might be exempt under either section, or whether it relates only to the property specifically exempted by section 1390, and such as is claimed by the defendant, or known to the officer, to be exempt under section 1391. If it were to be held that an officer could not levy upon any property of the description mentioned in section 1391 without becoming liable to an action for its recovery, when no demand was made, nor claim that it was exempt asserted, by the owner, it would follow that'all property of that character would be practically exempt, from levy under an attachment, although it greatly exceeded in value the-limit provided by that section. We think no such construction should be-given to this statute. If property consists of the articles mentioned in section 1390, it is absolutely exempt if the owner is a householder, and the officer has no right to levy upon it. If, however, the property is of the description mentioned in section 1391, the exemption is a qualified one; and the-debtor must claim it, and notify the officer of his claim, before he can properly maintain an action either for its conversion or to recover its possession, especially when there is other property to which such exemption might apply. In Russell v. Dean, 30 Hun, 242, where a constable levied upon the only team owned by a debtor, who was a householder, and it did not appear what other property he then had, and where he did not at the time of the levy or at any other time claim it as exempt, it was held that he thereby waived anexemption he might have been entitled to under section 1391 of the Code. See, also, Turner v. Borthwick, 20 Hun, 119; Twinam v. Swart, 4 Lans. 263;. Seaman v. Luce, 23 Barb. 240; Lockwood v. Younglove, 27 Barb. 505; Dains 785 v. Prosser, 32 Barb. 290; Baker v. Brintnall, 52 Barb. 188. We find nothing in the cases cited by the respondent in conflict with the views above expressed. In those cases the property was either absolutely exempt, or known by the officer to be exempt when the levy was made. In this case the property was neither absolutely exempt, nor known by the officer to be so, nor was it in any way claimed as exempt until this action was commenced. The plaintiff had property oí the kind mentioned in section 1391, which was oí the value of more than $250, besides that taken by the defendant, as to which he could as well have claimed an exemption under that section. Under these circumstances, we think it was error for the court to direct a verdict for the plaintiff, and for that error the judgment should be reversed. Judgment reversed on the exceptions, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event. All concur.