Arrow Steamship Co. v. Bennett

PARKER, J. The complaint alleges 10 causes of action. Of these, the ninth is not only first attacked, but is made the subject of far more extended consideration than the others, on this appeal. This indicates that the learned counsel was of the opinion, as are we, that the other causes of action alleged are still stronger than this. As we have reached the conclusion that the special term rightly overruled the demurrer as to the ninth cause of action, we shall discuss that one, only. It reads as follows: “(1) The plaintiff is, and was at the times hereinafter mentioned, a domestic corporation, having its principal office at the city of New York, or [1030] ganized for the purpose of construction, using, and leasing vessels and machinery, under patents, inventions, and devices owned hy said company, and such as might be acquired by it. (2) The defendant, at the times hereinafter mentioned, was the proprietor and publisher of the New York Herald, a daily newspaper published at the city of New York, state of New York, which newspaper, as this plaintiff is informed and believes, is one of large circulation; so that, at the time the said articles hereinafter mentioned, were published therein, the daily circulation of said paper was in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand copies, or more. (3) The prosperity, usefulness, permanency, and progress of the plaintiff company were, from the time of its incorporation, dependent, not only on the honesty, good faith, and skill of its management, and of the agents in various capacities employed by it, but also in the confidence of the public therein, and in the officers and agents who conducted the same. (4) The plaintiff further avers, on information and belief, that the defendant undertook, as hereinafter more particularly set forth, by a series of malicious and wanton attacks on the officers of the plaintiff company, and upon the trustees of said company, and upon the general management, business, objects, and purposes of said company, to break down and ruin the credit and reputation of said officers and of said trustees, and the purposes and objects of said company. On the 27th day of December, 1887, the defendant maliciously published in the said New York Herald, and caused the same to be circulated throughout the United States and elsewhere, certain false and defamatory matter concerning the officers of this plaintiff, and the management and affairs of this plaintiff, and of the plaintiff itself; said false and defamatory matter being contained in an article in the editorial column of said paper, entitled,. ‘Real Progress in the South versus Booms,’ wherein it was stated as follows: ‘When the Arrow Steamship Company went fishing for stray twenty-doilar bills, we looked through the little scheme, and told what we saw. The Arrow Steamship Company was not pleased. They even accused us of misstating facts. But they packed up their gripsack, all the same, and started for a healthier clime,’—(meaning that, after the publication of the articles above set forth, the plaintiff company conceded to' the public that it was engaged in a swindling scheme, and, by reason of the publication of said articles, was forced to discontinue its business;) and wherein it was further stated as follows: ‘The Herald tells the exact truth about these things,’ (meaning the articles published as aforesaid, referring to plaintiff.)” This is followed hy allegations of damage, both general and special, and a demand for judgment. The general rule, in determining the sufficiency of a pleading demurred to, is that it must be assumed that the facts stated therein, as well as such as may, by reasonable and fair intendment, be implied from the allegations made, are true. Milliken v. Telegraph Co., 110 N. Y. 403, 18 N. E. Rep. 251. Formerly, it was necessary that the complaint should contain a preliminary averment pointing out the application to the plaintiff of the matter published. But this requirement was done away with by the Code, and it is now sufficient to state, generally, that the words were published concerning the plaintiff. Section 535. If such allegation be controverted, plaintiff may establish it on the trial. Appellant insists that the plaintiff has not complied with the requirement of the Code in such respect. But his position is not well taken. The paragraph of the complaint introducing the publication of the alleged libelous matter alleges, distinctly, that defendant published, and caused to be circulated, “certain false and defamatory matter concerning the officers of this plaintiff, * * * and of the plaintiff itself, wherein it was stated as follows.” Comment is unnecessary, for it is obvious [1031] that this allegation is in compliance with the Code. Regarding the right of a corporation to recover damages because of the use of language, spoken or written, which injuriously affects its reputation and credit, Mr. Townshend, in his work on Slander and Libel, says: “A corporation, like an individual, may have a reputation, and a good reputation is equally as valuable to a corporation as to a natural person; and, as an individual may sustain injury by language affecting his reputation, so, in like manner, a corporation.” Section 262. “As regards a corporation engaged in manufacturing, trading, dr banking, or other occupation in which credit may be material to its success, there language concerning such a corporation, calculated to injuriously affect' its credit, must necessarily occasion it pecuniary injury, and in such a case an action may be maintained by the corporation without proof of any special damage.” Section 263. See, also, Bank v. Thompson, 18 Abb. Pr. 413; Mutual Reserve Fund Life Ass’n v. Spectator Co., 50 N. Y. Super Ct. 460. It is urged that, without the innuendo, the matter averred is not libelous. The rule that the meaning of words in an alleged libel cannot be extended by innuendo beyond their fair import, aided by extrinsic facts with which they are connected, is invoked. It is claimed that it operates to prevent any consideration of the innuendo, and hence a cause of action is not alleged. The true rule, doubtless, is that in such case the court will inquire whether the innuendo is warranted by the language used, considered in connection with the other facts to which they have relation, and, if found not to be warranted, the demurrer will be sustained, unless the words, without the innuendo, are actionable. Fleischmann v, Bennett, 87 K Y. 231. The second portion of the innuendo, which alleges that the meaning of a portion of the article was “that, by reason of the publication, plaintiff was forced to discontinue business,” is clearly libelous; and the question, then, is whether such innuendo is fairly warranted by the publication complained of. If so, it follows that a cause of action is alleged. While, as we have seen, a corporation, as well as an individual, may have redress for injury done to its reputation, and, where the matters complained of are of the character presented here, each has precisely the same standing to recover for the wrong inflicted, yet the meaning of the language employed seems to be more readily apprehensible if the name of an individual be substituted in the place of a corporation. For that reason, we shall substitute, for the purpose of a brief discussion, the words “James Jackson” in the place of “the Arrow Steamship Company.” Then, in an article headed ‘Real Progress in the South versus Booms,” we find it stated that, “when James Jackson went fishing for stray twenty-dollar bills, we looked through the little scheme, and told what we saw.” Pausing for a moment to measure the impression which the language so far quoted makes, we find that the inference is clearly suggested that the scheme which the defendant saw through, and which it felt called upon to tell about, was not a creditable one. This impression is strongly confirmed by the next sentence. After stating that it had told what it saw, the article continues: “James Jackson was not pleased. He even accused us of misstat [1032] ing facts.” So far, then, the inference may be drawn—indeed, it is required—that the article intended to inform the public that the scheme in which James Jackson was engaged was of such a character that it prompted defendant to look into it, and publish the facts, which were of such a nature that James Jackson denied them, which he would hardly have taken the trouble to have done, had they not been harmful to him. But, while he accused us of misstating the facts, said the defendant, “he packed up his grip-sack, all the same, and started for a healthier clime.” Does not this assertion fairly warrant the innuendo that the effect of the publication was to compel Jackson to discontinue business in the place selected by him for that purpose? Of what other inference is it capable? From the statement as made, it would appear that James Jackson was attempting to do business of some kind, for it is alleged that he was looking for 20-dollar bills, and while he was doing it the defendant published such a result of its inquiries about his business and plans, that, although he denied the accusation, still he packed up and went away. Clearly, the inference is permissible from the language employed that, by reason of the publication of said article, he was forced to discontinue his business. The. innuendo was therefore warranted. The judgment should be affirmed, with costs and printing disbursements, with leave to the defendant to answer within ,20 days after notice of the entry of the order of affirmance, and upon payment of the costs of the judgment appealed from, and this appeal. All concur.