Sailly v. Cleveland & Hutton

By the Court, Savage, Ch. J. From the terms of the instrument set forth in the last count of the declaration, it appears that the property in question had been seized by an officer of the customs within the. district for which the plaintiff was collector. It does not follow from this fact that this court has no jurisdiction of the matter of contract between these parties. There is no question here about the fact of the forfeiture of this property or the regularity of the seizure by the officer; those are subjects for inquiry in the federal courts. 2 Wheaton, 1. Both the forfeiture and seizure seem to be admitted by the written instrument between these parties. By the 69th section of an act to regulate the collection of duties on imposts and tonnage, passed March 2d, 1799, 3 Biorm, 199, it is enacted, “that all goods, wares and merchandize which shall be seized by virtue of this act shall be put into and remain in the custody of the collector, or such other person as he shall appoint for that purpose, until such proceeding shall be had as by this act are required to ascertain whether the same have been forfeited or not.” By the 89th section 159 of the same act, it is made the duty of the collector to prosecute for all penalties and forfeitures incurred within his district ; and he is authorized to receive the amount recovered, and distribute the same according to the 91st section, which directs him to pay one half to the United States; the other half to be divided equally between the collector, naval officer and surveyor,. &c. If information has been given by an informer, then he has one half of the collector’s half, being one quarter of the whole, and the other quarter is to be divided among the officers above named, or such of them as then may be in the district. There is a provision in the 4th section of “ an act for regulating processes in the courts of the United States,” passed May 8th, 1793, as follows: “ The marshal shall have the custody of all vessels and goods seized by any officer of the revenue, and shall be allowed such compensation therefor as the court may judge reasonable.” If there is a collision between these two acts, the latter must prevail, which gives the custody to the collector until the decision of the question of forfeiture or not. It is not necessary, I apprehend, to decide that point. The makers of the instrument promise to deliver the articles to the marshal or his deputy. The only necessity there is for inquiring who is. entitled to the custody of the property, is to enable the court to determine who ought to prosecute for a breach of the promise, Mr. Ckitty says: 56 The general rule is, that the action should be brought in the name of the party whose legal right has been affected against the party who committed the injury.” 1 Chitty’s Pl. l. Mr. Hammond, in his treatise on Parties to Actions, p. 3, says: 51 As civil actions are brought to repair some loss sustained, the party to whose use the fruits of the suit are to be appropriated, and whose interests have in fact been impaired, should complain. Why sue in the name of one who is to derive no benefit from the event, who has sustained no real loss for which to demand^a reparationThis, however, he admits is not always the rule, for it is necessary to inquire who are the parties to the contract, for no one can complain of the breach of a contract but he with whom the contract has been made. In regard to simple contracts, that person must sue who has the legal interest Where a consideration is necessary, as it is 160 to all simple contracts with but few exceptions, the interest resides with the party from whom the consideration moves, notwithstanding it may enure for another’s benefit, or even is to be performed to another person. Thus it is said, were A. to promise B., for some consideration he has given him, to pay C. a sum of money, B. and not C. would be legally concerned in this agreement; this he considers the old and the true rule. It is admitted that there are exceptions to this rule, or rather this author considers certain cases as of doubtful authorityj among which are the cases 1 Bos. & Pul. 101, n. and 3 Bos. & Pul. 149. The first is a note of a case cited in argument, where Buller, justice, is reported to have said, that independent of the rules which prevail in mercantile transactions, if one person makes a promise to another for the benefit of a third, that third person may maintain an action; the second is the case of Pigott v. Thompson, 3 Bos. & Pul. 149, in which Lord Alvanly says : “ If A. let land to B., in consideration of which B. promises to pay the rent to C., C. may maintain an action on that promisethough the rest of the court thought differently, He put it on the ground that C. would be only a trustee for A. A note to that case, after referring to the old cases, which are contradictory, considers the question settled by the case of Dutton v. Pool, 2 Lev. 210, which is also reported in T. Raymond, 302, as follows: Ralph Dutton and Grizil his wife declare against Nevil Pool, the defendant, that Edward Pool, father of the plaintiff Grizil, being possessed of certain trees in a certain park, intended to cut them down to raise portions. The defendant, who was remainder man, promised that if Sir Edward Pool would forbear- to cut the trees, he, the defendant, would pay the plaintiff Grizil ,£1000. On non-assumpsit pleaded, the plaintiffs recovered; and on error brought to the exchequer chamber, the judgment was affirmed, on the ground that cc the action is maintainable by the party to whom the promise was made, or the cestui que use ; the promise was indifferently.” Of this case, Lord Mansfield said, in Martyn v. Hind, Cowp. 443, that it was matter of surprize how a doubt could have arisen. This case Mr. Hammond considers as having been decided upon the relationship subsisting between the two: the one (the father) is -act161 mg with the sole view of advancing his relation, in-whose welfare he has so natural a concern, and must therefore be taken to have furnished the consideration as the daughter’s agent. The case of Schermerhorn v. Vanderheyden, 1 Johns. R. 139, was much like Dutton v. Pool, upon the authority of which it was decided. The defendant in the court below, Schermerhom,' applied to his father for an assignment of his property, which the father gave the son, the defendant promising to purchase for his sister, the plaintiff’s wife, a cherry desk. The court said, where one person makes a promise to another for the benefit of a third, that third person may maintain an action on such promise. This case has ever since been considered as correctly decided, and the principle a sound one, however it may be considered in England, though there I apprehend the principle is the same. All the cases referred to by the defendants’ counsel are cases where the third persons for whose benefit the promise was made were exclusively interested in the subject of such promise. That is not the case here; the marshal has no interest in the property seised and pút by the plaintiff into the defendants’ hands; the promise was to deliver it to the marshal or his deputy, probably because if condemned it must be sold by the marshal, but he has no interest in the subject beyond his fees. The collector, the plaintiff, has an interest certain to a certain extent, and that to be determined by circumstances; he is the contracting party; be furnished the consideration ; he has the legal interest, and therefore he must prosecute. In all the cases where a third person has been permitted to sue on such a promise, such person had the legal interest. In M’Menomy v. Ferrers, 3 Johns. R. 71, it was held that an order to pay to Roosevelt was an assignment of the amount due on the securities mentioned, and therefore the drawers of the order had no interest and could not prosecute. Here the party in interest prosecutes. The declaration is good, and the plaintiff is entitled to judgment on the demurrer, with leave to the defendants to plead, on payment of costs.