Walden v. Davison

By the Court, Bronson, J. The execution, when returned and filed in the clerk’s office, was a record, and like all other records imported absolute verity. The evidence given by the defendant to contradict the exemplified copy of the writ was wholly irregular, and in judgment of law proved nothing. If the sheriff was injured by the amendment ordered by the court, without notice to him, he should have made a motion to have the writ restored to its former state. The propriety of making the amendment, or the sufficiency of the grounds on which it was ordered, could not be inquired into in any collateral proceeding. But nó objection to the evidence was made by the plaintiff on the trial. The parties may have agreed upon the course that was pursued, for the purpose of giving the defendant all the benefit which he could have derived from a special motion to restore the writ to its former condition. It may therefore be proper to consider the case on the grounds taken at the trial. Putting the case in the most favorable aspect for the defendant, it amounts to this: an execution, directed in the [578] body of the writ to the sheriff of Cattaraugus, was sent to the sberiff of Allegany; the defendant’s deputy received the writ, retained it, acted upon it, and finally returned it satisfied. Can the defendant now protect himself against the plaintiff’s .... . ... . , claim tor the money by insisting on the misdirection ot the writ ? Wilson treated the execution as properly in his hands, as deputy sheriff, and indorsed upon it the time it was received. He was afterwards authorized by the plaintiff to amend the writ and proceed on it, or to lay it aside and make use of a second execution which was placed in his hands. He did not amend the first writ, but he retained it in his hands and acted under it. He gave two receipts to Van Campen, the debtor, one of $200, and the other for $89, for so much money received on account of the execution then in his hands. These receipts were not given in reference to the second execution, for that was afterwards returned nulla bona; and a further proof that the deputy acted under the first writ, will be found in the fact that he finally returned it satisfied. Van Campen, the debtor, was examined as a witness for the defendant; but no attempt was made to show that the deputy did not act under the execution. The fact that he did treat it as valid process may therefore be regarded as conclusively proved. If the execution had fallen into the hands of the sheriff instead of the deputy, it can hardly be doubted that his return of satisfaction upon the writ would have been conclusive evidence against him, in an action to recover the money. It has been repeatedly decided, and is a well established doctrine, that the sheriff cannot take advantage of mere irregularities in the process delivered to him to be executed. In. the case of The People v. Dunning, 1 Wendell, 16, the execution had no seal, and yet the sheriff was held liable on attachment for the money collected under it. ■ If in that case he had refused to act, on the ground that the process was defective on its face, and a levy might subject him to an action, it would have presented a different question : but having acted, he could not set up the irregularity. In the case under consideration, if the execution had been delivered to the defendant, the misdirection might have been a sufficient excuse for omitting to levy and collect; but if he proceeded on the execution and treated [579] it as valid process, it would then be too late for him to make the objection, and refuse to answer to the creditor for the' money. Jones v. Cook, 1 Cowen, 309. The mistake in the direction of the execution did not render it absolutely void, and the court would at any time have ordered an amendment, if that had been necessary for the protection of the officer. Can it make any difference that the deputy, instead of the sheriff, acted under the writ, and treated it as valid process ? I think not. In the case of The People v. Dunning, already referred to, the execution was delivered to the deputy, and the deputy having treated the writ as valid, the sheriff was held liable to the creditor for the money. The sheriff objected in that case that the sureties of the deputy would not be responsible to him for the money; but the court said that was a mistake—the money having been received by the deputy colore officii, his sureties were liable. In ascertaining whether the sheriff is answerable for the acts of his deputy, the question is, whether the latter did an official, or a mere personal act. If the act is personal only, and does not relate to his duty as an officer, he is not the agent or ^servant of the sheriff; 'but if he execute process under color or by virtue of his office, the sheriff is answerable for the consequences. It is not necessary to charge him, that the act of the deputy should in all cases be lawful, or one which he might rightfully do under the process. If it were so, the sheriff would not be liable where the deputy takes the property of some other person than the judgment debtor. Many other cases might be put, where the sheriff is answerable for the wrongful acts of his deputy. Where he acts by virtue of his office, third persons have a right to regard him as the mere servant or agent of another, and resort to the principal for the redress of any injury they may sustain. It would be a dangerous doctrine to hold that the sheriff may, for his own convenience, depute persons to discharge the duties of his office, and yet not be answerable to third persons for their misconduct. 7 Johns, R. 35. 1 Mass. R. 530. 4 id. 63. 1 Pick. 271. Where the plaintiff in an execution interferes with a deputy, and directs him to proceed in some other way than that prescribed by law, the officer then becomes the agent of the party, [580] and the sheriff is no longer answerable for his acts. 6 Cowen, 467. 7 id. 739. But this case does not fall within that principle. The plaintiff authorized the deputy to amend the first writ, lay it aside, or use it as he might think proper ; and "if the sheriff had been sued for any error of the deputy in that matter, he might well have said that the officer was not acting under his authority, but as the agent of the party. But here the plaintiff only told the deputy that he might omit to execute the process, if he thought proper—a course which in this case he might have pursued without any such instructions. The officer went on and executed the writ in the mode prescribed by law; and having done so, the fact that he might have pursued a different course, with the plaintiff’s consent, cannot, I think, alter the legal liability of his principal. The whole question comes back to this : The deputy received process -which he might have refused to execute. Not being absolutely void, it was capable of amendment, and the officer might proceed under it, if he thought proper. He did proceed, and treated it as valid process. His election to go on with the execution was not controlled by the plaintiff. In doing so, he was not the agent of the party, but the servant of the sheriff. When he received the money and returned the writ, he did it by virtue of his office, and the defendant is answerable as his principal. As the return was conclusive evidence of the satisfaction of the execution, the charge of the judge was sufficiently favorable to the defendant. Placing the plaintiff’s right to recover on this ground, the subordinate questions raised on the trial need not be considered. When these parties were before the court, after the first trial, it was understood that the execution had been sent to the sheriff of the wrong county; but, as I understand the case made on the last trial, the execution was not only intended for, but sent to the sheriff of Allegany, and the misdirection in the body of the writ to the sheriff of Cattaraugus happened through the mistake of the plaintiff ’s clerk. As the writ was intended for and delivered to the sheriff of Allegany, and he has executed the process without any objection on the part of the judgment debtor, he cannot be allowed to with [581] hold the money from the judgment creditor. If the sheriff was ever liable to Fan Campen as a wrong-doer, he is now perfectly protected by the amendment of the execution. New trial denied.