Barrow v. Richard

The following opinion was delivered by the vice chancellor upon overruling the demurrer : McCoun, V. C. The great question is, upon the effects of the covenants in the deeds against offensive trades and business, and how far the complainant can avail himself of them. This is an important question, not only as respects this particular property, but in regard to other parts of the city, where a large amount of real estate is held under deeds and leases containing similar covenants or conditions. The clauses inserted in a few of the deeds executed by Mr. Mercein for the lots which he first sold, are in the form of — 353 — conditions—the legal effect of which would be to defeat the estate granted, in case of a breach of the condition, but no other person than the grantor or his heirs can, at law, take advantage Of the condition and re-enter for a forfeiture or breach. In the subsequent deeds under which both the complainants and defendants hold, this provision is introduced by way of covenant. And though it is expressed to be a covenant mutually made between the parties to the deed, their heirs and assigns, its only object can be to restrain the grantee and his heirs and assigns, and not the grantor and his heirs. For having sold and conveyed the fee simple of the lots, the grantor and his heirs can have no use or enjoyment of the property afterwards, and therefore no need of covenants on their part, restricting them in the use or enjoyment. We are therefore to regard it as a several covenant of the grantee, made to and with the grantor, j but it is nevertheless a covenant running with the land, and 1 as such is binding upon the heir of the covenantor, and any subsequent purchaser under him, as assignee of the land 5 for the covenant follows the land, and becomes obligatory j upon those who succeed to the same land, whether by descent or purchase. (2 Sugden on Vend. 78. Platt on Cov. 461.) The object of these covenants on the part of purchasers, and the reason for making it either a condition of the sale of each lot, or requiring such covenants, is very manifest. Mr. Mercein owned all the lots in the block, which from their location were calculated for good dwelling houses, and to form a respectable neighborhood. In disposing of the lots it tvas very important to him that the sale of one or more should not impair the value or prejudice the sales of the rest; and hence he took care to lay the purchasers under the restrictions contained in the covenants, as to the use to be made of the lots ; thus endeavoring to enhance the value, and to encourage the erection of elegant houses, instead of suffering any of the lots to be depreciated by the introduction of stables or manufactories or business of any kind that might prove offensive or injurious to the — 354 — character of adjoining lots or of the immediate neighborhood. In this respect the covenants were to operate for the personal benefit of Mr. Mercein while he remained the owner of any lot in the block, but if he has or shall sell off every lot, and part with all his interest in the property, (and it does not appear by the bill how the fact is,) then he would seem to have no longer any interest in the covenants, since by a breach which might subsequently be committed he would not be injured. But the question is not now upon the continuing effect of the covenants in favor of Mr. Mercein, or as to his rights and the remedies which he could pursue for a non-performance. The question now is between the different grantees of Mr. Mercein in respect to their several lots, whether one of such grantees or a purchaser under him can claim any benefit of the covenant made to and with Mr. Mercein, or can have any remedy against another grantee for a breach of such covenant. These covenants upon their face purport to include the “ heirs and assigns” of both contracting parties, It has already been shown how far these covenants bind the heirs and assigns of the covenantor or purchaser, as covenants running with the land. They bind in respect to the particular lot conveyed to which the covenant relates : but where is the land to which the covenant attaches itself in the hands of Mercein, and follows upon his transfer or conveyance to a third person, so as to give that third person the benefit of the covenant as his assignee 1 There is none. Selling one lot to A. in fee, and taking A.’s covenant restricting the use to be made of the lot, and then conveying an adjoining lot to B. upon similar terms, does not constitute B. the assignee of A.’s covenant. If Mr. Mercein, as the owner of land, had granted a term of years to A., taking his covenant as to the manner of using the land, and had then sold the reversion of the same land to B. in fee, here the covenant of A. would follow the conveyance of the reversion to B., and the latter would be the assignee entitled to sue at law for a violation subsequent to his purchase. It is very obvious that the present complainant — 355 — does not stand in the situation, nor is he clothed with the legal rights of such an assignee. There is one case which I have met with that bears some analogy to the present—the case of The Duke of Bedford v. Trustees of the British Museum, in 2 Sugden on Vendors, App. 361, but no where else reported. There the duke had become the owner of Southampton House, the former owner of which, in selling other ground on which the museum stood, had taken a covenant from the purchaser that he, the purchaser, would not erect buildings on the ground conveyed to him, to the northward of the line of Southampton House. Southampton House was afterwards pulled down, and on the site of it, adjacent to the museum gardens, houses had been built by the duke of Bedford, and the question was, whether in equity he had a right to restrain the trustees of the British museum from erecting buildings in the museum gardens to the northward of the line designated, contrary to the letter of the covenant. The vice chancellor, before whom the cause was first heard, had difficulty in his own mind as to the construction to be given to the covenant,, whether it was a covenant which was intended to afford additional security for certain rents reserved out of the lands conveyed to the covenantor, and if so, then he appears to. have considered that it was not a covenant which ran with the land not granted, that is, with the land upon which Southampton House was built, so as to give the subsequent owners of this land a right of action at law, as assignee of the covenant; and if no action at law could be sustained, then he considered there could be no remedy in equity. Another view, however, was urged, as the one which might be taken of the covenant, viz. that it was intended not to secure the rents merely, but to prevent such a use of the land granted as might tend to diminish either the valuable or pleasurable enjoyment of the land adjoining, on which Southampton House was built. The vice chancellor therefore stated the question to be, whether upon the whole of the deed it did appear that the covenant had been so framed as to afford evidence of — 356 — an agreement between the parties and those who should represent them, on the one hand as being the owners of Southampton House, and on the other of the land adjoining, that the latter would never use this land but in the manner prescribed, either to the prejudice of the profit or pleasure of Southampton House. If the deed afforded evidence that such were the intentions of the parties to the instrument, then he said there was a clear remedy at law against the act sought to be performed, and a clear remedy in a court of equity, by way of injunction to restrain the com^ mission of that act. But a court of equity would only follow the law upon such an agreement and give the same construction to it, and restrain only where a court of law could give damages. He therefore concluded to. send the cage to a court of law to determine what the intention of the party really was. On the hearing before Lord Eldon, it is stated that he ultimately decided that under the circumstances, considering the acts of the parties, the alteration of the property and the right to relief in equity was at an end. The grounds of Lord Eldon’s determination are not given, which perhaps is to be regretted ; but from the reasoning of the vice chancellor in the case, it would seem that the principle on which that case proceeded was, that the remedy in equity was to be graduated by the remedy at law upon the covenant or agreement, and where no right of action at law could be traced to the party asking the injunction, he was not entitled to it. It appears to me, however, that this is too narrow and limited a view to be taken of the powers and jurisdiction of this court in cases of this sort; and that after all, the true doctrine which governs this case is to he found in Hills v. Miller, (3 Paige, 254,) and in cases of that class. With respect to the question whether the business of a coal yard is an offensive trade or business, or is among the number of things guarded against by the covenants, depends upon evidence. Enough is shown by the bill to bring it within the prohibition as a private nuisance, if not a public one. The defendants cannot, upon demurrer, gainsay the — 357 — facts alleged in the bill. How far this court interferes to restrain a nuisance of any sort, I will not now inquire. Upon the ground of a privilege, or easement created by the covenant, which it is competent for this court to protect the parties in the enjoyment of, and which constitute an equity in this bill, the demurrer must be overruled. W. H. Harrison & D. B. Ogden, for the appellants. The order of the vice chancellor of. the first circuit overruling the demurrers in this case, is erroneous. The complainant is not an assignee of the covenant set forth in the bill, nor otherwise entitled to the benefit of it. If an easement was created by the covenant, it was not attached to the land of the complainant. Neither party to the covenant or agreement, creating the easement, being at the time of making it, seized of such land. It does not appear by the bill of complaint that the putting of a coal yard upon the premises is a breach of the covenant in question. The court will not go out of the deed from Mercein, of the complainant’s lot, to look for the agreement for an easement. The covenant in the deed to the defendants, was inserted for the grantor’s benefit, and he could have released it. The complainant’s deed contains no covenants as to the other lots. The complainant could not bring an action at law on the covenant in the defendant’s deed; he has, therefore, no relief in equity, as equity follows law. (3 Paige, 254. 2 Sug. Ven. 409. Ambler, 158. 10 John. 298. Platt on Cov. 12 to 18.) C. Bushnell, for the respondent. As part of the consideration and terms of sale from Thomas R. Mercein, of the lots in question, and those contiguous, and by express covenants in the deeds of conveyance, an easement, or privilege of exemption from all dangerous or offensive trades or business was annexed to the said lots, and formed part of their permanent value, which run with the land, to each successive owner. (Matter of 17th street in N. Y., 1 Wendell, 267. Matter of Lewis street, N. Y. 2 Id. 473, 5. Jackson v. Beach, 1 John. Ch. Rep. 399. Jackson v. Myers, 3 John. Rep. 388. United States v. Gurney, 4 Cranch, 333. 2 Peters’ Cond. R. 133, S. C. Trustees of Watertown v. Cowen, 4 Paige, 515. Hills v. Miller, 3 Paige, 256. The City of Cincinnati v. The lessee of White, 6 Peters’ Rep. 432. Livingston v. The Mayor, &c. of New-York, 8 Wendell, 99, 105. Beatty & Richie v. Kurtz and others, 2 Peters’ Rep. 566, 578. Bleecker v. Bingham, 3 Paige, 246.) Each lot is entitled to protection in the enjoyment of this easement, as against the owners of. all the other lots,, for the time being, and these owners are bound to respect this easement the same as if they had personally executed the deeds reserving it. (Bleecker v. Bingham, 3 Paige, 246. Burnett v. Cumberland, 2 Cro. Jac. 522. 4 Cruise’s Dig. 65.) The business complained of in vhe bill is offensive, within the meaning of the covenants, and is a violation of the easement secured thereby. The ordinary jurisdiction of this court reaches this offence, this private nuisance, and will restrain it. (Gardner v. The Village of Newburgh, 2 John. Ch. Rep. 164, 5. Van Bergen v. Van Bergen, Id. 272, 3, and cases there cited. 1 Mad. Ch. 133. Id. 29. Seton v. Slade, 7 Vesey, 274, 5. Halsey v. Grant, 13 Id. 75, 76, 78, and cases before cited. Livingston v. The Mayor, &c. of New-York, 8 Wendell, 94, 99. Beatty v. Kurtz and others, 2 Peters’ Rep. 566, 578.) This demurrer should be overruled, as proof properly founded on the allegations in the bill may show more fully the consideration, scope, meaning, and value of the easement, and the injuries resulting from the violation complained of; and an equity may thus be established, which -will call for the interposition of this court, although it may be defectively alleged in the bill. (Bleecker v. Bingham, before cited. Mitford’s Ch. Pl. 173. 1 Ves. Rep. 248.) The Chancellor. From the averments in the complainant’s bill in this case, which, upon the dumurrer, must be taken as true, there can be no doubt that the object of — 359 — Mercein in having this restriction inserted in his conveyances to Richard and others, was to enhance the value of the lots to all the purchasers in the block, and was intended to be enforced for their benefit. In this respect the case is different from that of the Duke of Bedford relative to the buildings erecting in the British Museum gardens, cited in the opinion of the vice chancellor, from the 9th London edition of Sugden on Vendors. I have not access to that edition of Sugden at present, and therefore only recollect the case as read by the counsel, upon the argument ; and from the statement of it in the opinion of the vice chancellor. At the time that case came before the court of chancery in England, the splendid mansion called “ Southampton House,” once the residence of Rachel De Rouvigny, Countess of Southampton, “La belle et vertueuse Huguenolte,” and afterwards of her son-in-law, the amiable and talented Lord William Russel, who was beheaded in 1683, for his alleged participation in the Rye House plot, was no longer in existence ; but his descendant, the Duke of Bedford, had caused a number of other houses to be erected upon the lot upon which it formerly stood. A question therefore naturally arose, whether a covenant with Lady Russel, who was temporarily the equitable owner of Southampton House, was intended for the benefit of the subsequent owners of the land on which that mansion stood at the time the covenant was entered- into. And, if I recollect right, the court offered to the Duke an issue, to ascertain whether the covenant not to build upon the lands to the northward of Southampton House, was intended as an easement to the lands upon which the new buildings of the Duke were subsequently erected or not. In the present case, I think, no one can doubt that the object of the covenants in the deeds from Mercein was to secure all the purchasers of lots in the block, against an offensive use of any other of those lots. And if lots No. 12 and 13 had been conveyed to the defendants, or to those under whom they claim, while Mercein was still the owner of lot No. 11, I am not sure that any technical difficulty — 360 — would have arisen in the maintaining an action at law, upon the covenants of the grantees of the two first mentioned lots, by the complainant, as the subsequent purchaser of lot No. 11, and the assignee of the covenant for an easement for the benefit of that lot. But as No. 11 was first conveyed, and the mutual covenants in the deed refer to that lot only, and not to other lots which still.remained in the hands of Mercein, the subsequent purchasers from him of lots No. 12 and 13, would have taken their lots entirely discharged of the easement in favor of No. 11, had it not been for their covenants in their oWn deeds for the benefit of the “ neighboring inhabitants that is, the owners of other lots in the block. Although the complainant could not maintain a suit at law on that covenant, in his own name, and would, perhaps, be only entitled to nominal damages if the suit was brought in the name of Hercein, this court can give full effect to the covenant, by a suit in the name of the party for whose benefit and protection the covenant was intended. (See Bleecker v. Bingham, 3 Paige’s Rep. 246.) There can be no doubt, if the allegations in the bill are true, that the use of lots No. 12 and 13 as a coal yard is a clear violation of the covenants of the grantees of those lots. The language of the covenant shows that several other uses of the lots, far less offensive than this, are in terms prohibited, on the ground that they would probably be offensive to the neighborhood. The allegation in the bill on this subject, though it is. a little poetical, cannot be considered a mere poetic fiction ; as it is sworn to by the complainant and is admitted by the demurrer. He there states that large quantities of volatile and offensive dust and smut from the coal, rise in the air, and are diffused by the wind, into the premises of the neighboring inhabitants. And in spite of all their care, such coal-dust and smut not only settles upon their -walks and their grass plats, but also on their fragrant plants and flowers, “ beclouding the brightness and beauty which a benificent Creator has given to make them pleasant to the eye, and — 361 — cheering to the heart of man.” But what must be still more offensive to the ladies of the neighborhood, “ this filthy coal dust settles upon their door steps, thresholds, and windows, and enters into their dwellings, and into their carpets, their cups, their kneading troughs, their beds, their bosoms, and their lungs; discoloring their linen and their otherwise stainless raiment and robes of beauty and comfort, defacing their furniture, and blackening, besmearing and injuring every object of ¡utility, of beauty, and of taste.” Making all due allowance for the coloring which the pleader has given to this naturally dark picture, it is perfectly certain that this keeping of a coal yard upon any of these lots is a business offensive to the neighboring inhabitants, according to the spirit and intent of these restrictive covenants. The vice chancellor was therefore right in overruling the demurrer. And the order appealed from is affirmed with costs.