Griswold v. Jackson

The Vice-Chancellor: fact of a sufficient tender must, ior the present, be deemed established; and this is very important to the complainant’s case: for without it his bill could not be supported for the purpose of throwing the loss, arising from the subsequent depreciation of the stock, upon the defendant. The question nevertheless arises: what right has the complainant to file a bill for this purpose 1 It appears to me that whether he be viewed in the light in which the bill represents him, that is to say, as an agent of Caroline Dunham, raising the money on the pledge of the stock as belonging to her and for her account, making himself personally liable for the repayment and therefore standing in the character of a surety or whether he be considered, as the answer insists he was, the equitable owner of the stock and entitled to all the beneficial interest in it, that this can make no difference in respect to the principal ground of defence, namely, that the proceedings and decree in the former suit are a bar. It is objected, that in respect to the forty shares of stock, the decree in the former cause settled the rights of the parties and protects the defendants from all liability to account for the value. In the former suit it is true that Caroline Dunham failed in throwing the loss, arising from the depreciation of stock, upon the defendant, because the evidence fell short of proving a lawful tender of the money so as to entitle her to a return of the shares at a time when they were worth to her eighty per cent, of their par value : and as the cause stood upon the evidence, the court could do no more than ascertain the amount of the indebtedness for which the stock was pledged and decree a redemption upon — 466 — payment of such amount—and in default of payment hold her foreclosed of all right afterwards to redeem. The effect of her omission to redeem under this decree was to vest the defendant with the absolute ownership of the forty shares (for it did not extend to the other eleven) and he had then" a right to dispose of the stock as he should think proper, giving credit for the value and looking to those who were personally liable for the whole or balance of his debt. If such recourse were had to Caroline Dunham, she would be precluded from again calling in question the fact of a tender and claiming to be allowed the value of the stock at the time: because, as between herself and the defendant, it was a matter res judicata, and all she could claim would be a credit for the value at the time it became the defendant’s property by the foreclosure. But when recourse is had to the complainant, it appears to me he is not in a situation to be precluded by the former decree. He was not a party to the suit in which it was made; and I do not perceive how he can be bound by the adjudication on the question of tender. In order that the decree may be pleaded or set up as a bar, it is necessary, it should bind the party against whom it is pleaded: but no one can be bound by a decree unless he is a party to the suit or the representative of a party or one w’ho can claim in his right the same equity already passed upon. Hence, the general proposition that a former decree may be pleaded in bar to a new bill relative to the same matter between the same parties ; and the converse of the rule is equally true that a former decree cannot be so pleaded, unless it be conclusive upon the rights, of the plaintiff in the second bill or of those under whom he claimed: Mitford, 4 ed. 238; Beames on Pleas, 211. Upon this principle it was held by Lord Hardwicke, in Atkinson v. Turner, Barnard. 74, that where the plaintiff in the second suit was no party to the suit in which the decree was made, such decree could not be set up-in bar; and one reason may be found in Doyley v. Smyth, 2 Ch. Ca. 119, where a dismission was pleaded in bar to a new bill filed by a third person on the ground of the same equity—and the plea was overruled: because the plaintiff in the new bill could not have a bill of review of the former decree, he not being a — 467 — party, although the new bill and the former one were founded upon the same equity. In Neafie v. Neafie, 7 J. C. R. 1, Chancellor Kent had occasion to examine the effect of a decree of dismission of a former bill on the merits ,(and the decree in the suit of Caroline Dunham was a decree of dismission, although, at the same time,i.t, foreclosed her equity of redemption) and he appears to have considered that to render, a dismission a technical bar, it must be an absolute “ decision upon the same point or matter and the new bill “must be by the same plaintiff or his representatives against “ the same defendant or his .representatives.” In other respects, also, I think the reasoning of Chancellor Kent, in Neafie v. Neafie, has an important bearing upon the point under consideration and serves to show that the complainant cannot be precluded, by the former decree, from filing a bill for the relief which is now sought. Other cases may be mentioned to elucidate the principle still further—as where a mortgagee forecloses the equity of redemption against the mortgagor, without making a subsequent mortgagee or incumbrancer a party to the suit: such decree cannot be pleaded or set up in bar of a bill filed by the second mortgagee or incumbrancer to redeem; and the reason is, because he was not made a party to the first suit. This has been held, even where the first mortgagee had no notice of the second mortgage or incumbrance when he filed his bill and took the decree: Godfrey v. Chadwell, 2 Vern. 601, Morrett v. Westerne, Ib. 663. In such cases it may be said that the equity of the second mortgagee is of the same nature as the mortgagor’s : a right to redeem from the first mortgage ; and yet, by the decree, themne is foreclosed or barred of his right and the first mortagee is apparently quieted in the possession and.enjoyment of the estate. But it is only so with respect to the party to the suit and he who was not a party and has a distinct equity of his own is still at liberty to enforce it; and, notwithstanding one decree of foreclosure, the property is still liable to be redeemed by-those having claims who were not made parties to the suit for that purpose. If, therefore, there are any 'circumstances in this case to give the complainant a stand — 468 — ing in court to sustain his bill, I am of opinion the proceedings and decree in the former suit of Caroline Dun-ham present no technical bar to his relief. Viewing the complainant in the light of an agent for Caroline Dunham in the transaction, in relation to the pledge of the forty shares of stock, and as a surety for her in consequence of making himself personally liable by his due-bills for the money borrowed, and there is sufficient equity in this case to give him a standing in court. The general doctrine with respect to the right of a surety in equity to have the benefit of any collateral security or pledge held by the creditor delivered up to him upon his paying the debt and in some cases to have the creditor turned round to pursue and exhaust his remedy against the property or thing pledged to him by the principal debtor before compelling the surety to pay, is too well understood to need any explanation here. The complainant is sued at. law for the debt for which the stock was pledged. It can be of no use to him now to have it delivered up or retransferred ; and nothing can be realized from it in the hand of the defendant towards reducing or extinguishing the debt. It is, indeed, entirely lost. By the tender of the money and the defendant’s refusal to deliver up the property when a value was attached to it, the defendant must be considered as making it his own ; and any depreciation from thenceforth must necessarily be borne by him. If Caroline Dunham had proved the tender, there could have been no doubt but such would have been the result. Her cause turned upon that point and it failed, because her proof was defective. There is no deficiency of proof in the present case ; and if the complainant be considered as a surety called upon to pay, is he not entitled to similar relief? It appears to be settled that the equity of a surety to which I have alluded -will be extended to relieve him from his suretyship, without payment of thé money, when the creditor has, by his own act, destroyed the pledge or rendered the collateral security which he had taken of no avail or has put it out of his power to give the surety the benefit of the substitution. The case of Hayes v. Ward, 4 J. C. R. 123, contains all that is necessary to be said upon the subject. There the defendant, a — 469 — creditor upon promissory note endorsed by the plaintiff without consideration—and therefore a mere surety—had taken from the maker of the note a bond' and mortgage as ■collateral security for the debt. He, nevertheless, sued the endorser at law without resorting to the maker of the note or the mortgage security ; and upon a bill filed by the endorser to stay the suit at law and to be relieved from the payment of the note upon the ground that the defendant, by his voluntary act, had impaired the security of the mortgage by infecting it with usury and had thus rendered it unavailable to the complainant, in case he should pay the note and be substituted as the holder of the mortgage for his indemnity, the court enjoined proceedings in the suit at law until the defendant should make a fair experiment with his remedy upon the mortgage. This case did not, necessarily, in the then stage of it, call for a decision upon the point which is now presented : for the court went no further than to grant a temporary injunction until the effect of a proceeding on the mortgage and its validity could be tried. If it failed by reason of the alleged usury and the defendant should then resort again to the surety on the note, it would be time enough to decide whether he should pay it. But the chancellor states the general principles founded on equity and natural justice which the court should act upon in such cases—and these are that a mortgage or other collateral security taken by the creditor is taken and held in trust as well for the secondary interest of the surety as for the more direct and immediate benefit of the creditor and the latter must do no wilful act to poison it in the first instance or to destroy or cancel it afterwards; and if he has destroyed the validity or value of his own security taken from the principal debtor, he cannot have recourse to the surety: because he has voluntarily disabled himself from affording to the surety the requisite substitution. This right of substitution is a valuable right belonging to the surety ; and the creditor must do nothing to impair it. The very taking of that security by him may have excited confidence in the surety and deprived him of the opportunity of taking other and sound security for his own protection. These principles, which are undoubtedly correct, apply — 470 — to the present case, considering the complainant as a surety and the fact of a tender to be established—and hence arises an equity to support the present bill. And if he be regarded, not in the character of a surety, but as the beneficial and equitable owner of the stock, called upon as the principal debtor to pay the money borrowed, still I do not perceive he stands in a more unfavorable position, with respect to equitable relief. The property pledged has been lost to him by the defendant’s refusal to return it upon demand and tender of his whole debt; and he can have no right to sue for and recover such debt without making a proper allowance for the value of the pledge which he must be considered as having converted to his own use. The complainant does not seek to redeem, but to stay proceedings at law and to have the value of the stock, as it was at the time of the tender, applied in compensation or extinguishment of the debt. There seems to be no doubt but the value of it at that time to the owner was more than sufficient for the purpose; and in every view which I am able to take of the case, 1 have been led to the conclusion that the complainant is entitled to have the value so applied. it was suggested, upon the hearing, that after the injunction was dissolved, an execution had issued upon the judgment and the complainant’s bail became fixed and were compelled to pay the debt; and I am asked to decree an account and restitution of the money. I can take no notice of the suggestion. If the fact be as stated and it is properly a matter which could come before this court, the complainant should have filed a supplemental bill, asking for such relief as this new state of things might warrant. As the case stands upon the bill originally filed, no other decree can be made than that the defendant Daniel Jackson be perpetually enjoined from proceeding at law to enforce the payment of the debt which, according to the answer, has gone to judgment. A reference to take an account would seem to be unnecessary ; and upon this bill I cannot decree restitution to the complainant or his bail. The defendant must pay the costs of the present suit.