Neufville v. Thomson

The Vice-Chancellor : At common law, there cannot be a gift of chattels inter vivos, from the husband to the wife during coverture ; for, being but one person in law, she cannot take independently of him; and though there might be a declared gift and delivery to the wife, yet the title would remain in the husband, and, at his death, pass to his representatives, except it should be paraphernalia and personal ornaments, suitable to the wife’s condition, which the law, as against his representatives, would allow her to retain. In equity, gifts to the separate use of a married woman, as well those presented by the husband in his life-time as those given by third persons, with or without the intervention of trustees expressly named, will be protected in cases where they have been made in good faith and the rights of creditors [94] are not infringed. The case of Walter v. Hodge, 2 Swanst., 97, S. C., 1 Wils. Ch. R., 445, contains all that it is necessary to refer to on the subject. It admits the proposition that, in equity, a gift by a husband to his wife may, under circumstances, be valid; that she may, in this way, acquire property to her separate use during coverture ; and, if necessary, this court will consider the husband a trustee for her. Still, to constitute such a case, there must be, as was said in McLean v. Longlands, 5 Ves., 71, nothing less than a clear, irrevocable gift, either to some person as a trustee or by some clear and distinct act of the husband, by which he divested himself of his property and engaged to hold it as a trustee for the separate use of his wife. In applying this doctrine the question is, whether the widow or her representatives, claiming the gift, has satisfactorily established a clear and distinct act of the husband’s, by which he divested himself of the property and agreed to hold it as a trustee for his wife. Acts to have this effect may be such, for instance, as the transfer of stock by the husband, in his lifetime, into the wife’s name; or the purchase of stock by a man in the name of himself and wife or of any other personal property; or the putting out money and taking securities in her name or in both their names, and the husband dies, leaving the wife survivor. In all such cases it will be presumed, there being no fraud and where the money or property may not be required for the payment of the debts of the husband and he has not aliened or made any contrary disposition of it, that it was intended as a provision for the wife ; and she will be entitled to hold it: Williams on Executors, 489. Is this a case of such a clear and unequivocal act of the husband, in consummating a gift to the wife, as authorized her to say, in his life time, that the plate in question was her separate property and of which he intended to divest himself of all ownership ? The bill claims the property upon the ground of such a gift inter vivos. The answer denies it to have been a gift, and puts the complainant to her proof. In my judgment the evidence fails to support the bill. ■ There is nothing in the invoice and bill of lading which are given in evidence, nor in or about the letters on the subject of the original purchase and shipment of the plate in England, [95] or the manner of the husband’s paying for it, that indicates any design or intention on his part to make it the separate and exclusive property of his wife. On the contrary, it seems to have been intended as a sett of family plate, over which he meant to keep the control. It was paid for by the husband out of his own money. His own crest was engraved upon it; but neither the wife’s initials, name nor arms appear to have been used at all. During his lifetime, it was kept by himself or under his own control, like any other article of valuable property ; and was deposited by him in the vaults of a bank for safety whenever he was about to leave town for the summer. The entry in his “ Family Expense Book” is relied upon as denoting a gift to his wife : “ gave Mrs. T. invoice of plate,” putting down the cost; and so he entered other articles, as, “ gave Mrs. T. a piece of flannel.” And it appears that he was in the habit of entering in the same book, consecutively, sums of money given to his wife or paid by himself for family expenses. All this shows the object to have been to keep an account of his expenditures, so as to know how much he expended in his family and for his household ; and the entry in relation to the plate was made more for the purpose of noting the cost than as evidence of an absolute gift to her. The procuring of this plate from England may have been intended as a compliment to his wife and the entry in the book may be admitted to be evidence of such an understanding. But this falls short of making it out to be her separate property and over which the husband was no longer to exercise any right of disposition or control. There is no evidence that, by any other act or declaration of the husband, he ever admitted it to be his wife’s property in that light or that, during his lifetime, the wife claimed it to be hers. After his death, there is evidence from the testimony of her nephews (whose competency, however, is questioned) that she claimed it as her own property, which, at her death, would go to her heirs; but whether such claim was founded entirely upon an alleged gift from her husband in his lifetime or under his will does not very distinctly appear. She submitted the will to counsel for an opinion and did so, as may be fairly inferred, for the purpose of knowing whether, by the will, she did not take the entire ownership. [96] The circumstance that the husband, by the will, gave to his wife for life the use of “ all his silver plate, whatsoever the same might be,” goes far to show that, according to his own understanding, at least he had not, beforehand, given her the entire ownership of the same property ; and if he had not intended to include the property in question in the testamentary bequest, it appears to me a natural presumption that he would have discriminated and said, “ all, besides what I have heretofore given to her,” or, at any rate, something to show that, in the gift of plate for her use during life, he did not mean to include the large and valuable sett of plate in question, provided he had really, before, deprived himself of all power of disposition over it as now contended for. I have no doubt, from the manner in which the article of silver plate is disposed of in the will—giving the use of it to the wife for life, and from and after her death to his son, who bears his name, that the testator intended the plate in question as the family plate which still belonged to him and which it was competent for him to dispose of as he thought proper. The claim of this complainant to have the property considered as the estate of the wife during coverture entirely fails; and the bill must be dismissed; but as it is filed in autre droit, let this be without costs.