Livingston v. Tompkins

The Chancellor. The injunction is moved for on the ground that the grant from the plaintiff to the defendant, has ceased, and become void, and that the defendant is now navigating the steam boat JYautilus without license, and in violation of the exclusive right vested in the plaintifl) as assignee of Livingston and Fulton. Two questions present themselves upon this, motion: 1st. Has the right or privilege heretofore granted to the defendant ceased, in consequence of the matters charged in the bill ? 2dly. If so, then is the remedy sought upon this motion proper for the case, as appearing in the bill, and in the affidavits and documents read on the part of the defendant ? 1. In the articles of agreement between the parties, there — 426 — was a condition or proviso in these words : “ Provided always, and it is hereby declared and agreed, by and between , . , J . ° ... the parties to these presents, that in case the state or legislature 0f JYew.Jersey shall, at any time hereafter, obstruct or prevent the said John R. Livingston, his executors, administrators or assigns, in or from navigating boats or vessels, propelled by the force or agency of steam, within the waters of that state, then and from thenceforth, this agreement, and every thing herein contained, shall cease and be utterly void.” The question is, has the plaintiff been obstructed or prevented, within the meaning of this covenant or condition ? According to the language used in Lord Cromwell’s case, (2 Co. 70.) this is a condition, by force of the proviso,, and a covenant, also, by force of the other words. The act of the legislature of New-Jersey referred to in the bill, (and of which a copy at large is annexed to the defendant’s affidavit,) declares, in the 3d section, that if any citizen of New-Jersey shall be restrained by injunction or order from this Court, by virtue of, or under colour of, any statute of this state, from navigating with steam boats “ the waters between the ancient shores of the states of New-Jersey and New-York,” the plaintiff in such injunction not being a resident of New-Jersey, shall be answerable in damages to the, party aggrieved, by an action of trespass, and by writ of attachment. This section of the act of New-Jersey does not reach the case of the proviso in the agreement, for the plaintiff is not obstructed or prevented by it from navigating the waters of New-Jersey. He is only made liable to an action in that state for using a remedy provided by the laws of this state, for a violation of his right; and the same observation applies to the second section. But the 4th section of the New-Jersey act, makes it lawful for the Court of Chancery of that state, on a bill filed by any inhabitant of it, to restrain the plaintiff in any such — 427 — order of this Court, from navigating, with steam boats, the waters within the jurisdiction of that state. The plaintiff is brought within the operation of this provision, as appears from the facts charged in the bill. On the 3d day of May last, (as it is stated,) a bill was filed in this Court by the plaintiff, against Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons, of the state oí New-Jersey, complaining of a violation of his exclusive right to navigate steam boats on the waters of this state south of the New-York state prison, and praying for an injunction to restrain them, and, on the same day, an injunction was granted restraining Gibbons from navigating, by steam boats, the waters in the bay of New-York, and in Hudson’s river, between Staten-Island and Powles Hook, and the injunction was served, and continues in full force. The bill further states, that under the act of New-Jersey, Thomas W. Gibbons (in pursuance of whose petition the act of the Legislature of New-Jersey was passed,) had filed a bill in the Court of Chancery of that state, against the plaintiff, praying for - an injunction to restrain him from navigating with any steam boat, the waters within the jurisdiction of that state, because of the injunction heretofore granted by this Court against Gibbons, and that an injunction had, accordingly, been granted, in pursuance of the provisions of the said act, and served upon the plaintiff; and his steam boat, called the Olive Branch, had, also, been attached and detained at New-Brunswick, at the suit of Gibbons, under the said act, and for the cause aforesaid. The deduction in the bill from these facts, is, that the plaintiff has been obstructed and prevented, within the purview of the agreement, from navigating steam boats within the waters of New-Jersey, and, consequently, that the case has occurred in which his grant to the defendant has become utterly void. I am rather inclined to think, that this question is a legal one, and properly cognisable in a Court of law. The afiida — 428 — vit of the defendant states, that the plaintiff has already commenced an action in the Supreme Court, to try the question; and I ought not to interfere with it any further than the consideration of it may arise incidentally, in the discussion of the motion for this intermediate and auxiliary process of injunction. If it appeared dearly, that there was no obstruction within the meaning of the agreement, there would, then, be no pretence for the motion, and I should at once be relieved from the necessity of examining any other point in the case. But I cannot deal so summarily with the subject, for it appears that there is colour, at least, for the conclusion drawn by the bill. The agreement referred to the existence of a fact, whether such an obstruction did exist, and, probably, without reference to the validity of the statute creating such obstruction, and without reference to any final decision in the Courts of New-Jersey, on the provisions of the statute, after the matter had been fairly and fully litigated. The parties seem to have contemplated the possible existence of such an extraordinary act as the one which has been passed, and they made provision for the event, by making the .condition of the grant to depend upon the operation of the act, in actually obstructing or preventing the navigation of the plaintiff. The agreement supposed the case of an act to be passed, without the volition or fraud of the plaintiff, and without the default or agency of the defendant; and when the obstruction of the plaintiff exists under the authority of such a statute, and is founded on grounds apparently indefinite as to time, the casus fmderis would seem to have occurred. The act of the plaintiff, in suing out a writ of injunction under the laws of this state, in protection of his exclusive right over certain of its waters, does not, as was suggested by the counsel for the defendant, impair his rights, under the proviso in his agreement with the defendant, notwith - — 429 — standing that act is made the ground of the proceeding in New-Jersey. What the plaintiff did, was the lawful exerJ 1 t cise of a right, and it cannot impair or affect his remedy under the agreement. His rights and remedies in this state were derived from a series of laws giving to Livingston and Fulton, for a limited time, the exclusive right of navigating steam boats upon the waters of this state. It is well known, that this navigation, so auspiciously commenced under the patronage of the legislature, on the waters of the Hudson, in 1807, has since rapidly extended itself over all the principal waters of the United States, and imparted honour and happiness to our common country. These state laws, upon which the plaintiff’s rights were founded, were passed with liberal and patriotic views, and without the smallest intention or apprehension of violating the private rights of any individual, or the public rights of any community. They had nothing to do with the question of territorial boundary between this state and New-Jersey. The exclusive privilege was expressly limited to “ the waters of this state, or within the jurisdiction thereof;” and when this Court was called on to protect that privilege, by injunction, according to the directions of those laws, it was bound to regard, as waters within the jurisdiction of this state, “ the whole of the river Hudson, southward of the northern boundary of the city of New-York, and the whole of the bay between Staten Island and Long Island because, the Legislature had declared those waters to be within its jurisdiction, and that such jurisdiction had been “ hitherto actually and constantly exercised or possessed” by this state, and that it was to be “ preserved, maintained, and defended by all lawful ways and means, until this state shall be evicted thereof by due course of law.” • If the jurisdiction of this state over the waters of Hudson river, and of York Bay, be not well asserted, the error is in the Legislature, and not in the plaintiff, nor in the Courts of justice. Apd as this state is in the actual and constant exer — 430 — cise of exclusive jurisdiction, there is a remedy for the trespass or the usurpation, (if it be one,) which is obvious, effectual, specific, and just. The Supreme Court of the United States has original jurisdiction in all controversies between two or more states; and this state, as she intimates in her statute, is ready to abandon her jurisdiction over those waters, whenever she shall be evicted by due course of law. I cannot but be of opinion, that this constitutional mode of redress, through the organ of the Supreme Court of the United States, would have been quite as wise and equitable, as the punishment of an innocent individual, for having protected his right under the laws of his own"’state, by means of the Courts of justice of his own state; or as the restraining of “ all and every person,” from aiding in the transportation of passengers into Neuu-Jersey, in boats “of any description,” provided such passengers have been conveyed “part of the way” by means of the steam boat of such individual. I had, hitherto, understood and believed, that the citizens of each state were entitled, under the constitution of the nation, to free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and were entitled to all immunities of citizens in every state; that the government of the United States had sole and exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes and differences between tvv0 or more statesi concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or other cause; and that the law of reprisals permitted, in ex- . . treme cases, by the law of nations, between independent , states, was in this country, and under our union, as between the several states, entirely unnecessary, as well as absolutely . « . UnlaWIUl. These observations have been made to meet the objection 0^. ^g defendant’s counsel, that the act of the plaintiff was the procuring cause of the law of New-Jersey, and that he was now seeking to avail himself of the consequences of his own act. I shall, certainly, not visit that law upon him, nor permit it to impair, in the smallest degree, the remedies he may be entitled to in this Court. Nor is the constitutionality of — 431 — die act of New-Jersey, a proper subject of discussion here. That question belongs, in the first instance, to the Courts of that state, and ultimately to the Supreme Court of the United States ; and I entertain a confidence that the question, if ever raised, v/di be temperately discussed, and justly decided, in each of those jurisdictions. 2. But even if we were to assume that the defendant’s privilege has ceased, by reason of the act of New-Jersey, the next question is, whether this Court ought to interfere and restrain the defendant from the further exercise of the privilege of which he is still in the enjoyment, until the right of the plaintiff, to resume his grant, has been established at law. It appears to be contrary to the uniform course of the Court, and to its established principles, to aid in the devesting of an estate, for breach of a condition subsequent. The cases are full of discussions how far this Court can relieve against subsequent conditions; and the general rule formerly was, that if the Court could make compensation to the party in damages, for non-performance of the condition, it would then relieve. (Popham v. Bampfield, 1 Vern. 79.) That relief seems now to be confined to cases where the forfeiture has been the effect of accident, and the injury is capable of compensation. (Rolfe v. Harris, 2 Price Exch. Rep. 207. note. Bracebridge v. Buckley, 2 Price, 200.) It may be laid down as a fundamental doctrine of the Court, that equity does not assist the recovery of a penalty or forfeiture, or any iking in the nature of a forfeiture. In the present case, there is no act done, or omitted to be done, by the defendant, which occasions the loss of his privilege. By the act and agreement of the parties, it has been made to depend upon an event, over which the defendant had no control. But the event, perhaps, equally occasions the loss of the right, as if it had been expressty forfeited by the act of the party. It is in the nature of a forfeiture, and produces the same penal result: — 432 — and so far from aiding the plaintiff to devest the defendant of1 his privilege, this Court could only interfere to protect the property from waste, destruction, or removal out of the jurisdiction of the Court, pending the action at law to recover possession. There is no sort of analogy between this case and that of Livingston v. Van Ingen, decided on appeal, in 1812. (9 Johns. Rep. 507.) The appellant, in that case, was, and had been, for some years, in possession of the statute privilege, and the opposition boats were a trespass upon his right, without colour of title. In the present instance, the defendant has been, for some years, in the lawful possession under his grant; and to suspend the exercise of that right, (and which would be equivalent to an ouster of possession,) before the question of failure of his grant, upon a condition subsequent, has been legally tried, would be as severe as it would he unprecedented. There are numerous cases establishing the rule that no one is bound to answer so as to subject himself, either directly or eventually, to a forfeiture or penalty, or any thing in the nature of a forfeiture or penalty. (Smith v. Read, 1 Atk. 526. Harrison v. Southcote, 1 Atk. 528. Bird v. Hardwicke, 1 Vern. 110. Sharp v. Carter, 3 P. Wms. 375. Wrottesley v. Bendish, 3 P. Wms. 236. Chancey v. Fenhoulet, 2 Ves. 265. Boteler v. Allington, 3 Atk. 453. Monnins v. Monnins, 2 Ch. Rep. 36. Chauncey v. Tahourden, 2 Atk. 392. Fane v. Atlee, 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. 77. pl. 15. Lord Uxbridge v. Staveland, 1 Ves. 56.) It is said, that there is a difference between a determination of the estate by the party himself) and by statute; but in several of the cases the determination was to arise from the act of the party, as, for instance, a re-marriage, and yet a demurrer to the bill was allowed. So, it has been said, that there was a difference between a limitation over of the estate, on a certain event, and a condition working a forfeiture; but the distinction does not seem to be supported. The great prin — 433 — pie is, that equity “ will not assist in the recovery of a penalty or forfeiture, when the plaintiif may proceed at law to J \ 1 r recover it.” It will only stay a party from making waste, until it be seen whether he has any right to do so. This was said by Lord Ch. B. Comyns, in Jones v Meredith; (2 Com. Rep.671.) and the rule has been again and again repeated, and is the common language of the books, that in no case, (unless under extraordinary circumstances,) will a forfeiture, or the devesting of an estate, be assisted in a Court of Equity. (3 P. Wms. 236. 1 Vern. 60. 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. p. 131. pl. 9. p. 77. pl. 16.) The Court has sometimes restrained a party from the exercise of a right, in a particular manner, and contrary to an express covenant; but this was held to be in the nature of a specific performance, and was consistent with the ordinary and legitimate enjoyment of the subject. This was the case in Barret v. Blagrave; (5 Ves. 555. 6 Ves. 104.) but in none of the cases which I have looked into, do I find any assistance lent to a plaintiif to enable him to recover at law, property alleged to be devested upon the breach of a condition subsequent. I am persuaded there is no such case, and especially, if the condition be several + in its nature, and partaking of the spirit and character, if it does not of the name of a penalty or forfeiture. In this case, considering the great and expensive -establishments connected with the enjoyment of the defendant’s privilege, an immediate restraint upon its enjoyment would be attended with very injurious consequences; and, I think, there was much discretion and good sense in the observation of the Lord Keeper, in Hills v. University of Oxford, (1 Vern. 275.) when he denied a similar motion for an injunction. He said, that “ if the right should be found for the defendants, they would receive a prejudice by the injunction which he could not compensate.” Motion denied. , Footnotes [+] severe [2] Citizens of each state, are entitled to free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and to alt the immunities of citizens in every state. [3] dourtSolrethe United States having sole and exclusive jurisdiction over ail differences between states, nil acts of reprisat between unnecessiy and unlaw ul. [4] This Court does not lend its aid to devest an estate, for the breach of a condition subsequent. [It] does not assist the recovery of a penalty or forfeiture, or anything in the nature of cue. [A] defendant is not bound to answer, so as tosubjecl himself to a penaltyorforfeiture.