Bayard v. Hoffman

The Chancellob. The only difficulty in this case, arises from the nature or quality of the property contained in the settlement. It is the declared rule of the, Court, [Reade v. Ldvingston, 3 Johns. Ch. Rep. 481.) that a voluntary settlement by a person indebted at the time, is void, as- against antecedent creditors; 1 consider the principle as equally applying, whether the property consists of lands or chattelsand that the creditor may follow the property into the hands of the volunteer. This is admitted to be the general rule, but, as an exception, it is stated, (Atherley on Marriage Settlements, 220, 221. Roberts on Fraudulent Conveyances, 421, 422.) that the statute of 13 Eliz. does not extend to voluntary settlements of property which a creditor could not reach by legal process, in case no settlement had been made, such as choses in action, money in the funds, Sec., and, therefore, a voluntary settlement of that species of property, must be good against creditors, even if made by an insolvent debtor. The settlement, it is said, cannot be injurious to the creditor, nor within the purview of the statute, since, if the settlement was set aside, the property could not be touched by the creditor, as no process of execution in law or equity can reach it. The statute of 13 Eliz. did not enlarge the jurisdiction of any Court, by furnishing new remedies. It only avoided the voluntary transfer, as against creditors, and left them to pursue the — 453 — property in the ordinary course under the existing remedies. There is much plausibility in this reasoning, yet I should be sorry to find it to be the settled doctrine of the Court. It seems to be too encouraging to fraudulent alienations ; and a debtor, under the shelter of it, might convert all his property into stock, and settle it upon his family, in defiance of his creditors, and to the utter subversion of justice. If we look into the adjudged cases on this point, it will at once be perceived, that there is a great contrariety between those decided in the time of Lord Hardwiclce, and his immediate successor, and those arising since. The subject is worthy of examination ; and even if the doctrine of the latter cases is to prevail, I apprehend that the settlement in the present case may be questioned, and the stock appropriated to -the use of the creditors, without interfering with any of the opinions. The case of Taylor v. Jones, (2 Atk. 600.) decided by Fortescue, the Master of the Rolls, in 1743, contains the great and leading doctrine in support of the creditor. A bill was filed to have the debts of the plaintiff" paid out of stock comprised in a voluntary settlement, and vested in trustees for the benefit of the defendant, for life, of his wife for life, and then for the benefit of his children. The money so vested was a legacy left to the husband after marriage. The settlement was made in 1734; and in 1741, the defendant gave warrants of attorney to confess judgments, and there was a letter of license given to the husband, but by agreement, it was not to prevent the creditors from proceeding against his effects. The Master of the Rolls held the settlement fraudulent and void, under the 13 Elis, as to creditors, both before and after the marriage; and he decreed the trust estate (the stock) to be sold and applied to the payment of the creditors. This decision appears to be so reasonable and just, that I — 454 — should be very much inclined to follow it, if it has not been directly and absolutely overruled. In King v. Dupine, (cited in the note to Taylor and Jones, and decided in 1744,) Lord Hardwicke went further, and in an ordinary case, where there was no fraudulent settlement in the way, aided the execution at law, so as to enable it to touch stock, to satisfy creditors. The defendant was entitled to the reversion of four exchequer annuities, which were vested in trustees, and of which he was only a cestui que trust in reversion. The plaintiff had obtained judgment at law, and the sheriff under a ji. fa. had seized the reversion of those four annuities, and made an assignment of them to W., in trust for the plaintiff. But the proper officer refusing to register the judgment and assignment, the plaintiff filed her bill, and the point was, whether the sheriff could seize the reversion of these annuities, and assign them. Lord Hardwicke decreed, that the trustees and W* should assign their reversionary interest and estate in the annuities to the plaintiff, and that the requisite entries should be made at the exchequer, to entitle the plaintiff to the benefit of the reversion. This last case does not appear to have been known to Lord Thurlow, or Lord Eldon, for it is not alluded to in any of their discussions; yet Mr. Sanders, the editor of Atkins, cites the register books for the decree. Indeed, this power in the Court to aid the creditor at law, in his execution against property not .ordinarily within its, reach, seems to have been the received and unquestioned doctrine in the time of Lord Hardwicke, Thus, in Horn v. Horn, (Amb. 79.) a bill was filed to aid an execution at law, by subjecting stock belonging to the defendant, and standing in the name of trustees, to the payment of the debt. The bill was dismissed without costs, because the plaintiff had, pending the suit, taken the defendant’s person on execution at law. The Lord Chancellor evidently assumed the right and propriety of granting the' — 455 — relief sought for, “ of extending the power of the Court to reach what the common law could not,” had not that circumstance intervened; and the reporter adds, in a note, that if the plaintiff had not taken out a ca. sa. the bill to subject the stock in the hands of trustees had been proper. Lord Keeper Northington, in Partridge v. Gopp, (Arab. 596. 1 Eden. 163.) went a step further, and reached even money in the hands of the donee. An insolvent executor had given 500 pounds to each of his two children, and after argument, and much consideration, the gift of the money was declared fraudulent within the 13th of Eliz., and liable |o be refunded. He declared the doctrine to be, that no man had such a power over his own property, as to be able to dispose of it, so as to defeat creditors, unless for consideration. That the statute extended to all cases, unless the alienation was bona fide, and made upon good consideration ; and that blood was held not to be a good consideration within that statute. That the validity of the alienation depended on the motive of the giver, and not on the knowledge of the receiver. That every man ought to be just before he is generous; and volunteers were responsible under the statute, to the creditors of the giver, though not to the giver himself. He concluded, that if the defendants had stood in the capacity of donees only, the gift would have been void, and they must have refunded, at the peril of their liberty, if the money had been spent; .but as they were legatees, as well as donees, they had a right to retain in part of their legacies. Here is a succession of three solemn adjudications, (without noticing the case of Horn v. Horn,) which establish, that property not tangible by fi. fa., at law, will be reached by this Court, and that too, whether such property does or does not rest upon a voluntary settlement, fraudulent and void under the statute of Elizabeth. It may now be pertinently asked, when and where have these decisions been overruled ? I have not discovered any thing weightier than a dictum or doubt of Lord Thurlow, repeated in subsequent cases. — 456 — In Dundas v. Dutens, (1 Ves. jun., 196. 2 Cox, 235.) the bill, among other things, prayed that certain stock settled upon the wife might be sold, and the proceeds applied to satisfy the creditors, and Lord Thurlow asked, if there' was any case where a man having stock in his own name, has been sued for the purpose of having it applied to satisfy creditors. If the Court was of opinion that there was any lien upon the stock, by reason of the letter of license, in the case in AtJcyns, by which it was capable of being affected, there might be foundation for it, but if not, it was quite new to him that Chancery could touch the stock ; and he said, that “ whenever it became necessary to consider the question what equity the plaintiff had against the fund or stock,, he should hesitate sometime before he followed the cases of Taylor v. Jones, and Horn v. Horn.” It may be here observed, that the Master of the Rolls, in Taylor v. Jones, did not go, as Lord Thurlow intimates, upon the ground of an existing lien upon the stock. “ The great question was,” he said, “ if this deed be fraudulent ? For, if it is, whether the creditors have any specific lien, is not material.” In Caillaud v. Estwick, (1 Anst. 381.) a bill was filed to assist a judgment creditor of Lord Abingdon, who had assigned his life estate in a lease subsequent to the creation of the debt, in trust, to receive the rents and profits, and pay a moiety to certain scheduled creditors, (of which the creditor in that case was not one,) and the other moiety, from time to time, to Lord A. for his own use and benefit. The Court of Exchequer, under the circumstances of that case, refused to assist the creditor in reaching the share reserved to Lord A. and held in trust for him. The Court seemed to agree with the counsel for the trustee, that property or stock in the funds, or in the hands of a trustee, which could not be taken on a fi. fa. at law, could not be taken by any process of equity to assist the execution, according to Lord Thurlow’s doctrine, in Dundas v. Dutens. The Chief Baron, i — 457 — said, he once applied, on behalf of the crown, to have the assistance of equity in aid of an extent, to get at stock in the funds, and it was refused. In respect to this Exchequer case, it may be observed, that the question, whether the deed of assignment was fraudulent and void under the 13 Eliz., had been decided in the K. B. in favour of the deed, as being neither fraudulent in fact, nor fraudulent in law, and the case is reported in 5 Term Rep. 420. But the judges of the K. B. intimated, that after the scheduled debts were satisfied, equity would direct the surplus or moiety reserved to Lord A., to he applied towards satisfaction of the other creditors. The bill in the Exchequer was an injunction bill, to stay a recovery in trespass by the trustee against the creditor, for seizing the trust property in the hands of the trustee; and, therefore, the question, whether equity would follow the intimation of the K. B., did not directly arise in that case. The opinion of the judges was evidently in favour of the equity power to reach such property; and Lord Somers, in Lewkner v. Freeman, (Prec. in Ch. 105.) sustained a bill for the surplus, in a similar case, in favour of a single judgment creditor. And, surely, a debtor cannot place his estate in trust, to receive the issues and profits to his own use, without any power in the creditor, by any process of law or equity, to reach it. I am not willing to admit such imperfection in the administration of justice. We have repeated dicta (but nothing more) of Lord Eldon, (9 Ves. 189. 10 Ves. 368.) to the effect, that Chancery does not give execution against stock, eo nomine, upon which there is no lien ; and that stock cannot be attached in the life of the party, according to the language of Lord Thurlow, in Dundas v. Dutens. He said, that Chancery had no jurisdiction to give execution in aid of the infirmity of the law ; yet, that under the bankrupt law, stock is got at, and, also, in the administration of assets. The Master — 458 — of the Rolls, in Taylor v. Jones, got at stock, through a doctrine which is very difficult to maintain, and which seems to have surprised Lord. Thurlow. “ If, therefore, the decision was to turn upon the latter doctrine, (meaning that in Taylor v. Jones,) I should wish,” says he, “ to look at those authorities.” - The last case I shall notice in this series of judicial observations, and which are all to be traced up to the doubts of Lord Thurlow, is that of M‘Carthy v. Goold,’(l Ball & B. 387.) in which the plaintiff, under a decree for the payment of money, sought for an order upon sequestrators, to attach the dividends upon bank stock standing in- the name of the defendant. But this part of the application was abandoned without argument, and Lord Ch; Manners observed, that it had been very properly abandoned; for he had listened very attentively to Lord Thurlow) in Dundas v. Dutens, and he was clearly of opinion, that choses in action, of which description is stock, could not be reached by the process of the Court of Chancery. The authority of the cases of Taylor v. Jones, King v. Dupine, and Partridge v. Gopp, may be considered as shaken, but they cannot be viewed as overruled by these subsequent doubts., The question was, also; much, and learnedly discussed, in Simmonds v. Lord Kinnaird, (4 Vesey, 735.) whether a chose in action was liable to sequestration on mesne process in equity; Lord Loughborough gave no opinion upon it, but observed, that he wished the process could go to the extent desired, when one considered the immense mass of property that might be supposed in the kingdom, answerable for nothing. “ Suppose;” he observes, “ a great landed estate was converted into an annuity upon the consolidated fund, no process can reach it, unless this Court can get at it. On the other hand, I am not aware of all the consequences of either impounding the money in the hands of the bankers, or making them pay — 459 — the money. Why not against the bank ? Then it will go to all chartered companies.” 1 ...... It is remarkable, that in all the discussions in this last case, not one of the cases already cited are referred to. If the case necessarily turned upon this point, I should not feel myself justified, from any thing I have hitherto seen, to abandon, without still more consideration, the authority of the analogous case of Taylor v. Jones. But ibis case may easily, and with more safety, be decided upon its own intrinsic circumstances. The assignment of the 28th of January, 1818, by M. & O., to the plaintiffs B. B., in trust for the general creditors, was of all their estate, real and personal, and of all books, vouchers and securities relating thereto. All the interest of M. & O., legal and equitable, as well as their rights in action, or as cestui que trusts, passed by such a general and sweeping assignment 5 and they exhibited the stock in question as property belonging to them in reversion, and intended to be passed by that assignment. Unless we can say, that a debtor absolutely insolvent, may voluntarily assign his stock to his wife and children, in utter exclusion of his creditors, and that such an assignment is valid in law, notwithstanding the statute, we ought to give effect to the claim of the plaintiffs. This is not the case of a creditor seeking the aid of the Court to satisfy his debt out of property not to be reached by process ; but it is the case of. general assignees of the estate seeking the recovery of all that estate, by virtue of the assignment made for the benefit of all the creditors. It is like the case put by Lord Eldon, when he says, that “ under the bankrupt law, stock is got at.” In short, here is the case of a voluntary settlement by an insolvent debtor, which is void under the statute, and here are his general assignees seeking the aid of this Court to recover property to which they have a title. It is not necessary, therefore, to put the case upon the other ground taken by the plaintiffs’ counsel, of a subse — 460 — quent purchase for a valuable consideration, without notice of a prior voluntary conveyance. I shall, accordingly, declare, that the assignment to the defendants, H. C., is, as against the title of the plaintiffs, B. 8f B., null and void ; and that the title of these plaintiffs, as trustees, for the purposes expressed in the deeds of assignment to them in the pleadings mentioned, is valid ; and the defendants, H. C., are decreed to hold the stock in the pleadings mentioned, subject, first, to the right of Mrs. Murray, to the dividends during her life, and then subject to the orders of the plaintiffs, B. B-; and that neither party have costs as against the other, Decree accordingly.