Whitehead v. Peck

The judges not being unanimous, they delivered their opinions seriatim as follows:— Lumpkin, Judge. — 143 — William D. Whitehead borrowed of Ira Pock a large sum of money at usurious interest, and gave Henry "Bunn as security ; executing under his hand and seal, several mortgages on real and personal property to Bunn, to save him harmless in the premises. Bunn discharged the whole of the debt; a part of it before it was duo. Whitehead, when called upon, reimbursed his security in. property. The borrower now brought an action for money had and received against the lender, to recover of him the usury thus paid. Judge Scarborough, before whom the case was tried, in Twiggs Superior Court, decided that the suit could not be maintained, and to reverse this judgment, this writ of error is brought. The plaintiff in error insists that the payment by the security was a payment by the “principal; the security being in law the agent of the principal, quoad hoc. It may not he unprofitable to advert briefly to the history of usury. The Jews were permitted to lend to strangers upon usury, but it was not lawful for them to charge a brother — that is an Israelite — any interest.— Deut., xxiii., 19 and 20. The Romans allowed interest, but whether, at the time of the. Twelve Tables, it was one per cent, or twelve per annum, is still a vexed question. Tacitus, Gibbon and Pothier are authorities in behalf of the former opinion ; Livy, Montesquieu and others of the latter. Anciently, in England, a,s in all other Catholic countries, not only was all interest prohibited, but the taking of increase on money was denounced as contrary to the laws of God, of nature and of the realm. Having been tolerated among the descendants of Abraham, however — at least so far as to authorize it to be assessed on Gentiles — it would seem that it could not be in itself sinful. Ever since the Reformation, the taking of interest has been expressly sanctioned by the British Parliament. The Act of 37 Hen. 8, Ch. 9, (a. d. 1546,) was the first in England upon this subject; it allowed 10 per cent. It was repealed in 1551, but revived by the 13 Eliz., Ch. 8, (a. d. 1570,) and 10 per cent, was again the lawful interest. By this last statute all contracts are declared void which reserved more than the lawful interest on money. The 21 James 1 (1623) reduced the rate of interest to 8 per cent.; and 12 Charles 2 (1660) to 6 per cent.; and 12 Anne (1713) to 5 per cent.; and any one violating its provisions incurred a forfeiture of treble the sum lent. Usury has been viewed very differently, not only by the different States of the Union, but at different periods of the respective history of the same State. In some it has been treated with great rigor, the law uniformly looking upon the borrower as the victim, and in no sense the aggressor. In most of them there is a gradual relaxation respecting it; and in some, they allow not only the principal and legal interest to be recovered, on usurious contracts, but suffer the parties to agree upon a higher rate than the lawful interest, under a certain maximun limit; and this is denominated conventional interest. It sounds very well to say of this practice, that men should ho protected from it, even against themselves. But the tendency of legislation is, to call in question that assumed guardianship which trenches upon freedom of action, by superintending and controlling the contracts of parties of sufficient age and understanding to make them, and transacting business with their eyes open. “ One thing is very certain,” says Jus — 144 — tice McLean, in delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court, in the case of Lloyd vs. Scott ; “ namely, that the Act of Usury has long since lost that deep moral stain which formerly attached to it, and is now generally considered only as illegal, because it is prohibited.” The plea of usury was rare in the South previous to the late revulsion in monetary matters ; and since 1837 it has been restricted pretty much in Georgia to particular districts of the State. In one way I am satisfied that it has operated beneficially ; that is, in driving capital into internal improvements — agricultural, manufacturing, and industrial pursuits. Still I see no sufficient reason for singling out money-lenders and heaping opprobrium upon them as the greatest culprits in the community. They may be as inexorable as Shylock, and the more selfish and callous, from the fact that they earn their living by dealing directly in money, the love of which is the root of all evil. But observation has convinced me, that all who will be rich, whether usurers or land-jobbers or speculators or any other class, they that will be rich, that have made up their minds to accumulate property, aside from the ordinary employments of life, fall, not only into divers temptations and snares, but soon become almost, if not altogether, regardless of the means by which they seek to attain their end. The evil resulting from the prevalent practice of pleading usury is, greatly to weaken the sense of obligation for the performance of contracts generally, and to demoralize individual character. Sitting as a court, we have nothing to do but to carry into execution, calmly and dispassionately, the will of the people as disclosed by the laws upon this subject. With the justice or injustice, policy or impolicy, morality or immorality, of these laws, neither jurors nor judges may interfere. Our first provincial Act against usury was passed in 1759. It fixed the rate of interest at 8 per cent. — at which it continued down to 1S45— almost a century. It embraces substantially, the various provisions of the several English statutes then in force. The act of 1814, only prescribed the mode of computing interest, and did not affect at all, the question of usury. The act of 1822 made a material innovation on the old law. It declared expressly that usurious contracts should not be void, but that the principal due thereon should be recoverable at law, and no more. The 2d Sec. relieves the lender from all forfeiture. Under this act, it may well be seriously doubted whether usury voluntarily paid, can be recovered of, or by anybody. Under the act of 1759, it was clearly recoverable, because paid upon an illegal and void contract. “ It has been said,” observes Lord Bacon, (7 Bac. Abr. 204) u that though the statute does not go so far as to make the party receiving the usurious interest liable to refund, yet having prohibited taking beyond such a sum and avoided the contract, the taking is a breach of the statute, and the actual receipt of the money will (in a Court of Equity) make him liable to refund,” (Cas. Tem. Talb., 38 & 114.) Now we yield our entire assent to this proposition. And had the 1st sec. of the act of 1822, simply declared that the principal only of usurious contracts should be recoverable at law and no more — still these contracts having been rendered void by the act of 1759, extra interest paid thereon might have been collected. But this suggestion is met by the broad enactment, that such contracts, although they, may provide for the payment of a larger premium than 8 per cent, for the loan of money, are nevertheless, not on — 145 — that account void. What then ? Can the borrower, if he pay the money of his own accord, get it back? Upon what principal can he reclaim funds advanced on a valid contract ? If he refuse to fulfill his promise, and suit has to be brought in that court, the principal only can be recovered, and this would appear to be the only risk which the creditor runs. The act of the last General Assembly, reducing the rate of interest to 7 per cent., changes vitally the phraseology of its predecessor of 1822. It pronounces usurious contracts absolutely void, and of no effect, except so far as to authorize the recovery of the principal due thereon, and no more. Under the act then of 1822, is not the party brought within the principle volenti non fit injuria'? Were this a new question, I should incline strongly to that construction, and that Mr. Whitehead would be remediless, had he paid the excess himself to Mr. Peck ; and a fortissimo when it was paid by another. A contrary cotemporaneous interpretation having been established by the courts, and received and recognized as the law of the land for nearly a quarter of a century, this court felt unwilling to disturb it. In the case of Winkler vs. Scudder,(decided during the present term, see p. 108,) it acquiesced in the prevailing construction. I shall proceed, therefore, to examine this case on other grounds : for while it is conceded that this court has the right and authority to consider any point, so far as settled by our domestic adjudications, only as res integra, and to expound the law for itself, and will exercise them whenever the occasion demands it; yet when a principle has been settled, by a long series of decisions, and uniformly sanctioned throughout the various circuits, and has governed the conduct and regulated the business of our people for a length of time, it would almost have acquired the force of a law ; and, if abrogated, better that it should be done by the law-making department of the government. I had great doubt upon the hearing of this cause. My mind is now better satisfied, although not free from embarrassment. It is assumed by counsel for the plaintiff in error, and very correctly, that the action of assumpsit is likened to a bill in equity, and is the proper remedy, wherever the defendant has received and obtained possession,of the money of the plaintiff, and which in equity and good conscience he ought to pay over, the plaintiff having the legal right to demand the same. Was the money sued for, the money of Whitehead ? If so, Bunn, offered as a witness by the plaintiff, and the only one introduced, perjured himself, for he swore that he paid the debt to Peck with his own money, wliich was afterwards replaced by Whitehead, in property. Here then is one difficulty in the case. But there are others. Had the debt to Peck been discharged directly by Whitehead, in property, his right to recover for money had and received would be very doubtful. The authorities all concur that the payment, to entitle the plaintiff to succeed in this form of action, should originally have been made in money, or that which the parties have agreed to treat as money — or, if originally goods, sufficient time must have elapsed with the concurrence of circumstances, to justify the inference that they have been converted into money. — Peake’s. Cas. 43 ; 4 T. Rep. 687; 3 Bos. and Pul. 589. In Taylor vs. Higgins, (3 East 169,) the Court of King’s Bench say, “ It seems to be a rule, that under a count for money paid it must appear that money was actually advanced.” Lord Mansfield, whose liberality of view was proverbial, always — 146 — making mere technicality yield to the justice of the case, in Nightingal et al. vs. Devisme, (5 Burr. 2592,) says, “ We are all of the opinion that the action for money had and received for the use of the plaintiff, will not lie in the present case, where no money was received. The proof in this case was that 500l. of East India stock had been transferred to the defendant for the use of the plaintiff. The same doctrine is held by the court of appeals in Kentucky, in the case of Lucket vs. Bohannon, (3 Bibb, 378,) which was an action of assumpsit for money had and received. — See also 8 Johns. Rep. 202. Some modern cases have decided that this species of action could be maintained where bank bills or bills of exchange had been received, but it was on the ground that they were money. The rule thus established is founded in wisdom. Suppose that Whitehead had compounded with Peck, and settled with him ,at fifty cents on the dollar, or any other sum less than the principal and legal interest, or, what is equivalent in principle, had transferred to him property in satisfaction of the claim, at. fictitious prices, more than double its real value, could he have maintained this equitable action for the usury thus nominally accounted for ? I apprehend not; nor can Whitehead escape the rule, because he sold the property to Bunn instead of Peck. Whitehead conveys to Bunn certain property in discharge of his own indebtedness (and, that loo by mortgage) to the purchaser, and then seeks on that consideration to raise a liability from Peck, for money had and received to his use; or, to present the proposition in a different form : Peck, it is alleged, has received of Bunn money, which he ought not in justice and good conscience to keep. Whitehead has reimbursed Bunn in property and, therefore, Whitehead is entitled to recover back, not his own, but Bunn's money from Peck. With all possible respect for the argument, I must think that this is a non sequilar — a conclusion not warranted by the premises. It by no means follows that every one who gets money illegally is bound to refund it. Had the usury in controversy been collected by judgment and execution, the impropriety of withholding it would be just the same as before the action was brought, and yet it will not be pretended that it could be then reached. The law in its humanity goes far to extricate the unfortunate borrower, even from the ruin which he has wilfully brought upon himself. It knows our infirmity, and compassionates the situation of the debtor, who, deluded by hopes of better times, will consent to any terms, and seize with avidity upon any proposition, however exorbitant, provided it affords the means of present relief. And yet, if the borrower neglect or refuse to avail himself of his defence when sued, the courts, anxious and astute as they are to detect and prohibit the enforcing of usurious contracts, will close their doors against his prayer for relief, and turn him off to battle it as best he can with his unfeeling creditor. If money then illegally obtained may be withheld from its true and rightful owner, much less shall it be subject to the suit of any one who sees fit to demand it. Bunn, constrained by an honorary obligation, more sacred in the opinion of many men than any mere legal sanction, being willing and able to pay, and feeling, under the circumstances, that he would be disgraced by refusing to pay — as the money was lent upon the confidence reposed in him — (he negotiated the loan, says Judge Scarborough, in his written — 147 — opinion — Peck saying that he would have nothing to do with Whitehead, when applied to by Bunn to get the money,) discharged the debt to Peck with a full knowledge of its original turpitude. He had ample notice of the taint which attached to it. He did it without compulsion of lav?. If there be guilt in the transaction, he is completely identified with it — in its inception — in its consummation. That Whitehead might have resisted a recovery, at the instance of Bunn, 1 am quite clear; notwithstanding the decision in Ford vs. Keith. — 1 Mass. Rep. 139. That he might not still have recourse on Bunn, if the facts of his caso do not otherwise bar him, I am not fully convinced. — See Reed vs. Smith, 9 Cowan's Rep. 647; Kent vs. Walton, 7; Wend. Rep. 257. But that he has sought his remedy of the wrong person — of qne to whom he never paid a dollar, either personally or by attorney — is the deliberate judgment of this court, after the most thorough reflection upon the case. But it is urged, and with much plausibility and earnestness, that Bunn acted as the agent of Whitehead, in the settlement of the debt; and this is implied from the fact of his securityship. But Bunn himself, in his testimony, expressly repudiates the agency ; and does not every feature in the transaction corroborate his proof? Does he not demand reimbursement at the hands of his principal ? And does not this fact negative the imputed relationship ? Did be, not assert his rights as mortgagee, upon forfeiture of the condition in these instruments to protect him as security ? And does Whitehead attempt to oppose his claim, upon the pretext that lie acted merely as his substitute in the transaction ? On the contrary does he not recognize and discharge it by a surrender of the property ? And this position is greatly strengthened by the very ingenious suggestion of the learned counsel for the defendant, namely : that Bunn’s remedy by assumpsit against Whitehead, for money paid, was merged in the higher security, by mortgage; and that the settlement of that specialty debt by Bunn and Whitehead, in jrroperty, could have had no legal connection with the settlement of the simple contract debt between Bunn and Pock. I think there is no foundation, from any rule of law so to consider it. — 3 Term Rep. 100 ; 8 Taunt. 365. But, surmounting all those obstacles, the plaintiff in error, I think, must fail for want of the necessary privity between himself and Peck, to enable him to maintain his action. It is unquestionably truc, as a general rule, that a stranger to an agreement cannot sue in his own name.— Williams vs. Everett and others, 14 East. Rep. 582. But there are exceptions to the rule ; and it has been decided that it is immaterial from whom the consideration passed, if it be a sufficient foundation for a valid promise. If A delivers money to B for the purpose of being paid over to C, C may maintain an action against B for the money. The person to whom the promise is to be performed, though not the party contracted with, being the meritorious cause of it, can take advantage of the promise. — Con. Rep. 443 ; 3 B. and P. 149, n. (a) ; 2 D. and R. 277; 4 B. and C. 664; 17 Mass. Rep. 575, 579 ; 3 Pick. 92; 13 John. Rep. 497; 22 Am. Jur. 16, 19 ; Chit. on Plea, 5 ; Chit, on Con. 45, 48; Ham. on Par. 8, 9; Story on Agency, 393, 394. But the obvious answer to all those cases is, that the money, or property, sued for belonged to the plaintiff. It must be proved either that the plaintiff was the person with whom the contract was made, or that lie was the party legally and really interested — 148 — in it when made. — 1 East. 497 ; 8 T. R. 332. Plaintiff having an equi table interest in the contract is not sufficient; therefore a cestui que trust cannot sue. — Allen vs. Jenlett, Holt, c. 641. Money deposited with a stakeholder can only be recovered from him by the person legally entitled thereto. — 13 East. 20. The plaintiff, Whitehead, had no legal right to the money paid by Bunn to Peck. In one sense, it is true that it was paid to his use, as it was appropriated to the joint note of Whitehead & Bunn, but not to his use, in the meaning and spirit of the foregoing cases. Whitehead had no agency nor participation in the transaction between Bunn and Peck. As to the idea that the subsequent settlement, upon the mortgages, was a ratification and adoption of the previous agency, installing Whitehead into the shoes of Bunn, and thereby constituting him the creditor of Peck — the fallacy of it, as I humbly conceive, lies in identifying principal and surety with principal and agent; relations which, in point of law, are very dissimilar. Agency must be antecedently given, or be subsequently adopted ; and, in this latter case, there must be some act of recognition. — 2 Kent Com. 614. But where the act of the agent is intended to affect a third person, it is necessary to prove an express authority given to the agent at the time he acted, and no subsequent sanction of the principal will give it effect. — 5 East. 498; 3 Chit. Com. L. 206. The rule of law, that omnis ratihabitio, retro trahitur, &c., seems only applicable to cases where the conduct of the parties on whom it is to operate, not being referable to any agreement, cannot, in the mean time, depend on whether there be a subsequent ratification. — 5 East. 500. A person, by an assumed agency, and without any assent or acquiescence to the act, cannot bind another, nolens volens, however useful and necessary the act may be. But a surety has a right to see to it that the debt for which he is bound is paid. And if he satisfies the creditor, to relieve himself, which he may do without the consent of his principal, still it is money paid for his use, to recover which an action will lie. Does the relation of principal and surety create such an agency that the acts and admissions of the latter would bind the former, though he should subsequently so far confirm the deed of his surety as to refund the money paid on his account ? Numerous other points ot dissimilarity might be adduced, but we forbear. The court is of the opinion that as neither principal nor security was bound to pay the excess of interest, Bunn, by voluntarily paying money upon a usurious agreement, which he himself had negotiated, could not compel Whitehead to refund. It could not be money paid to the use of the principal, as Bunn paid it with a full knowledge that it was illegal. That without notice from his principal, forbidding its payment, he was under obligation at his peril to resist it. And without expressing any opinion as to what might have been the rights of Whitehead as against Bunn, had the payment to him been in money and not in property, we hold that Whitehead cannot maintain assumpsit against Peck, for money paid to Peck by Bunn, and which it is not pretended was the money of Whitehead, merely because Whitehead afterwards discharged, in property, the liability imposed upon him by operation of law in favor of his security. No precedent has been produced to warrant such a proceeding. Wherefore the opinion of the court below must be affirmed. — 149 — Nisbet, Judge. Upon the question made in this case, very little direct authority is to bo found. It is to bo decided, therefore, upon general principles The court being compelled to give judgment at Hawkinsville, before the expiration of the Term, and having then access to but few books, I felt great doubt as to the correctness of the judgment rendered. That doubt was strengthened by the dissentient opinion of my learned brother, Warren. Since I have had an opportunity of looking into the subject with some carefulness, I have become reconciled to the judgment, and although there is obviously in the case some, conflict of principles and authorities, 1 must think the judgment of the court was right — right both upon principle and authority. The facts are few. Whitehead, the plaintiff in error, through Bunn, who was liis surety, negotiated a loan from Peck, the defendant, at usurious interest. Before the maturity of the note, and with knowledge that it was tainted with usury, Bunn paid it in full to Peck. He was at the time secured against loss as surety, by a mortgage from Whitehead, his principal. After payment to Peck, Whitehead reimbursed Bunn in property. These facts establish that the contract was usurious; that Bunn had knowledge of that fact, and that the payment by him of the usurious interest was voluntary. Whitehead brought his action of assumpsit, for money had and received, against Peck, for the usurious interest paid by Bunn. The question is, is he entitled to recover ? I think he is not. This 1 know is an equitable action, and is extensively remedial, yet it is subject to rules. It does not give to courts of law jurisdiction which belongs to courts of equity. It lies in a great variety of cases, but in no case where there is not a contract, express or implied, between plaintiff and defendant; and there must be such a contract as creates a privity between the parties. It does not lie to enforce every imaginable equity, between man and man, growing out of moneyed transactions. It lies in all cases where money is in the hands of another, which ex cequo et bono, the plaintiff' is entitled to recover, and which the defendant is not entitled, in conscience, to retain. Yet this good and just right in the plaintiff, and ibis conscientious inability in the defendant, grow out of privity of contract, either express or implied, in law. — 1 Wheat. Selwyn. 103 ; 14.East 582 ; 4 B. & Ad. 612 ; 1 Cr. & Jor. 83; 17 Mass. 579; 7 Taunt. 339 ; 1 R. & M. 68; 3 R. & A. 643. Between Whitehead and Peck, there is no express contract. Is there any implied in law ? In cases where the borrower pays the usurious interest himself, the statute against usury, and the fact of payment, create a contract. There is in the transaction a direct relation between the parties, viz: privity. The money is paid by the plaintiff', and is received by the defendant /or Ms use. It is the money of the plaintiff which he holds, and it being received, against the statute of usury, he cannot retain it in conscience. Ex atquo et bmo, the plaintiff is entitled to it. In that case, the borrower could certainly recover. Upon the note, there is a contract between Whitehead the maker, and Peck the holder, so long as it remains in his hands. But so soon as the surety steps in and pays the debt, Peck is entirely dismissed from it — his rights in it cease, and — 150 — the surety is subrogated to all the rights of the holder. This position is not necessary to be sustained by authority ; so that the payment by the surety, so far from creating a privity between the maker of the note and the holder, does in fact destroy that which before existed. It does more: it creates new relations between the surety and the holder, incompatable with the plaintiff’s right to recover. There is a contract implied in this case, between the surety and the holder, by virtue of the statute and the fact of payment; a direct relationship which constitutes privity. It is the money of Bunn, the surety, which Peck has received, and he has received it to Bunn’s use. The unconscientiousness of the retention of it, has reference to Bunn, and not to Whitehead. The indebitatus is as to him, and it is to him that the law makes the assumpsit. What reply could Peck make to an action for the usurious interest by Bunn ? I know of none which would be available. Bunn, if sued by Peck, the lender, on the usurious contract, could plead the usury, (Blydenburg, 107,) and if so, having paid it voluntarily, he can recover it back in an action for money had and received. It would not be competent for Peck to plead that Bunn had been reimbursed by Whitehead. He would not be permitted to go out of his own contract with Bunn, and inquire into his (Bunn’s) relations with his principal, for a defence. If Bunn, being reimbursed by Whitehead, should still recover the usurious interest out of Peck, what then ? Why, then an action would probably lie for it against him in favor of Whitehead. Whitehead would at all events have an equity in this money, which he could assert in chancery or at law Now, can the payment of the money create, by implication, two contracts at the same time ? Can this usurious interest be recovered both by Bunn and Whitehead ? Is Peck liable to Bunn, and if he is, is he- also liable to Whitehead ? Can he be liable to both, at one and the same time ? I apprehend he cannot be. And this view of the matter satisfies me that there is no contract, no privity. between Whitehead and Peck, and that the former ought not to recover against the latter. If this question be tested by the rules of pleading and evidence, 1 cannot perceive how the plaintiff could ever make out his case against the defendant. The facts do not expressly, or by implication of law, create an assumpsit on the part of Peck. Without that, the action of assumpsit cannot be sustained. Again, one of the first rules of pleading is, that the action shall be brought by him who holds the legal interest in the contract. If I am right in my view of the subject, Bunn, the surety, has the legal interest here. The plaintiff by his own evidence has shown this, according to my view of this record, and has therefore proven himself out of court. It has been stated already that a surety, having paid the debt of his principal, is subrogated to the rights of the creditor against him. He cannot, however, be subrogated to more than the creditor’s rights. The creditor could not have recovered'the usurious interest from the maker, if he (the maker) had plead the statute of usury, in an action upon the contract. Could, therefore, Bunn have recovered this excess of interest out of Whitehead, his principal ? Was it not his duty to have awaited a suit, and plead the usury? Knowing, as he did in this case, that the contract was tainted with usury, was not this necessary to his own protection ? And was not his voluntary payment of the usury an act of his own wrong, which would preclude him from recovering it from his principal ? We have seen that — 151 — the surety may sel up the defence of usury. In a case like the present, where the surety is cognizant of that defence, it strikes me that ho fails to make it at his peril. The rights of the principal are involved. The surety had no right by a voluntary payment to charge his principal with usurious interest. It was competent for him to protect him, and it was his duty to do it. Suppose that Whitehead had not refunded to .Bunn the illegal interest, and he had sued Whitehead for it, could not the latter have plead Bunn’s knowledge of the usury in the contract, and his obligation to have set it up in defence against the creditor ? It is so decided in several instances, and decided contrarywise in one case in Massachusetts. Blydenburg holds this language, upon the authority of what is called Potion's case, 8 Leonard, 63 ; to wit: “ But it seems that if the surety of the borrower at usurious interest have an opportunity to make his defence in a suit upon the original usurious bond, and omit to plead, he cannot afterwards recover of the borrower upon his counter-bond of indemnity, but shall be punished for bis neglect.” — Blydenburg, 102. In Cro. Eliz. 588, a precisely similar case was decided contrary, but upon the ground that the surety might not have known of the original contract being usurious, in time to make his defence, sustaining the position, that if he had known of the usury in time to plead it, he could not have recovered against his principal. Justice Glanville, upon the authority of Noy, is reported to have said, ££ It would be a dangerous precedent to avoid the statute of usury; for tie surety might be a friend of the usurer, who would not plead the statute, and so the statute would bo to little purpose. — Blydenburg, 102 ; Noy, 73. It is something more than surmised that in this case the surety was the friend of the usurer. The writer on usury, Blydenburg, before quoted, remarks that the principle of Botkin’s case has been followed in the United States. It was followed in Moore's Exrs. vs. Vance, 3 Dana, 362. In Ford vs. Keith, 1 Mass. 139, it is decided that the surety may recover against the principal the usurious interest voluntarily paid. In this case, the counsel for the plaintiff in the argument put his right of recovery on the ground that he had no notice of the usury, and therefore could not have plead it. The court, however, ruled that with or without notice ho could recover. It docs not seem to me that this authority is consonant with reason ; it is in conflict with the common law. Now, if I have shown that Whitehead might have successfully defended himself against the recovery of the usurious interest on the part of the surety, it follows that his voluntary refunding it to him, was an act in his own wrong from which he can take no benefit; and it farther results as a consequence of this wrong act, that he has no equity against Peck, the lender. It is not true, ex atquo et bono, that he is entitled to this money at the hands of Peck. But it is argued that this case turns upon the doctrine of agency; that Bunn acted in paying the debt as Whitehead’s agent, and therefore it is his act; that a subsequent ratification is the same with a prior appointment, and that the maxim “ omnis ratihabiüo retro trahitur et mandato priori sequi paratur” applies. The doctrine of ratification is not questioned, but it is not apparent how the law of agency can govern this case. If, indeed, Bunn was Whitehead’s agent, the privity is established, and — 152 — the action is sustainable. But it does not appear from the facts disclosed by the record, that he purported to be his agent, or that he assumed to be his agent, or that he was considered by Peck his agent. On the contrary, it does appear that he was his surety ; that he was equally bound with him to Peck; that in consequence of this liability, acting for himself and in his character of surety, and with a view to his own protection, he made this payment. Now, is it possible that the subsequent reimbursement by Whitehead can abrogate all the relations of the parties, or set them aside, and introduce new relations ? By what law are the rights of these parties determinable ? By the law of principal and surety, or that of principal and agent ? They are manifestly different, viewed as principal and surety, from what they are as principal and agent. To subject them to the law of both relationships would be an absurdity. We must elect between the two. And can we presume an agency, to the exclusion of all the rules which are so well settled, as applying to principal and surety — maker and endorser ? If, in this case, the court can travel out of the record, and presume an agency, then may courts of justice do the same thing, in every case where a surety or an endorser takes up the paper of his principal. Had a stranger to the contract volunteered the payment of the debt, usury and all, and Whitehead reimbursed him, he would have been an agent by ratification, and this action would lie. Since Bunn was no stranger to the contract, but a party to it, and as there was no evidence of his acting with the means, or by the authority of Whitehead, we must presume that he acred on his own account, and with a view to his own interest. Whereupon the judgment of the court below was affirmed. Warner, Judge, dissentient. I cannot concur in the opinion delivered by the majority of the court in this case. It appears from the record, in' the fore part of the year, 1838, Peck, the defendant, advanced as a loan upon the note of plaintiff, with Plenry Bunn, security, the sum of $2,940 00, the note being drawn for the sum of $3,500 00, payable to Peck, the defendant, to become due on or about the 1st January, 1839. About the time the note for $3,500 00 fell due, the plaintiff renewed, by giving a note for $700 00, to fall due on or about the 1st January, 1840. The plaintiff renewed a second time by giving a note for $S40 00, to fall due on or about the 1st January, 1841; the plaintiff, Whitehead, indemnifying Bunn, his security, by mortgages on property. The amount of the first note for $3,500 00, and the other two notes when added together, make the sum of $5,040 00. Before the maturity of the notes given on the last renewal, Bunn as the security of the plaintiff, took up all the notes which had been given to the defendant by Whitehead as principal, and to which he was the security, amounting to the aforesaid sum of $5,040 00 ; and afterwards, before the last note given in renewal fell due, the plaintiff, Whitehead, paid Bunn, his security, the aforesaid sum of $5,040 00 in property. The plaintiff instituted his action for money had and received against the defendants, to recover back the usurious interest. There is no contest as to the fact of the transaction being usurious. The defendant has received a large amount of money, which, according to the laws of — 153 — Ms country, lie is not entitled to retain ; but it is contended, inasmuch as the defondant did not receive the usurious interest from tho hands of tho plaintiff, Whitehead, but from the hands of Bunn, his security, there is no privily between the plaintiff and defendant, from which the law will imply an obligation to repay the money. The court below charged tho jury, “ That if Bunn, plaintiffs security, paid Peck even before tho maturity of the note, and subsequently, plaintiff paid Bunn to indemnify him as security, the, plaintiff must fail. But if plaintiff had paid Bunn before Buihi paid defendant, Peek, the law implied an agency of Bunn to plaintiff, Whitehead ; but here the proof was, plaintiff paid Bunn, his security, after the security had paid the creditor.” Before 1 proceed to consider the charge of a moment advert to the legal character of an action for money had and received. The action for money had and received, is an equitable action. “ Whenever the defendant has received money which is the property of the plaintiff, and which the defendant is obliged hy the ties of natural justice and equity to refund,it may be recovered from him in an action for money had and received to the plaintiff’s use. This form of action has been of late years extended, on the principle of its being considered like a hill in equity ; and therefore, in order to recover on a count for money had and received, the plaintiffmust show, that he has equity and conscience on his side, and that he could recover it in a court of equity.” — 1st Leigh’s Nisi Prius, 44 ; Moses vs. McFarlane, 2d Burrow’s Rep. 1012; Straton vs. Rastall, 2d Term Rep. 370. In Moses vs. McFarlane, it is said, “ This kind of equitable action to recover back money which ought not in justice to ho kept, is very beneficial, and therefore much encouraged. It lies for money got through imposition., express or implied, or extortion, or oppression, or an undue advantage taken of the plaintiff’s situation, contrary to laws made for the protection of persons under those circumstances. ” In Straton vs. Rastall, Buller,,J udge, says: “ In conscience,ho only who received the money ought tobe obliged to pay it back; and a court of equity would inquire in this case, whether the party had received the money or not.” In the case under consideration, there is no controversy as to the fact that Peek, the defendant, received alargo amount of money byway of usurious interest, in payment of Whitehead’s notes, from the hands of Bunn, his security, which the law forbid him to receive and retain. If this large amount of usury had boon paid into tho hands of Peck hy the plaintiff himself, it is conceded the plaintiff', Whitehead, might have recovered it hack in this form of action, the parties not being, in the eye of the law, in pari delicto. Would not a court of equity, on the facts disclosed by the record in this case, decree the payment of the money, now sought to he recovered, to tho plaintiff? Would not the fact that Peek had received the money in payment of Whitehead’s note from Whitehead ’s security, which had been refunded to Bunn, the security, hy Whitehead, raise such an equity in favor of Whitehead as would entitle him, in a court; of equity, to a decree for the amount in the hands of the defendant, so wrongfully and unjustly received by him ? Tf it would trot so decree, then I am frank to confess, I have been greatly mistaken as to the powers and duties of a court of equity. If a, court of equity would decree the repayment of the money, on tho state of facts presented, then. — 154 — as we have seen, the action for money had and received is maintainable. I-will now proceed to examine the charge of the court to the jury. The court states the law to the jury to be, “ that if the plaintiff had paid Bunn, before Bunn paid defendant, Peck, the law implied an agency of Bunn to plaintiff Whitehead.” As I understand this part of the charge, the court intends to be understood as saying, that if Whitehead first paid the money to Bunn, and then Bunn paid it to Peck, Bunn paid the money as Whitehead’s agent, and the plaintiff would be entitled, under the law, to recover, on the ground that payment by the agent is the same as payment by the principal. To this part of the charge of the court I yield my assent. But the court also charged, “ that if Bunn, plaintiff’s security, paid Peck, even before the maturity of the note, and subsequently, plaintiff paid Bunn, to indemnify him as security, plaintiff must fail.” This part of the charge of the court, when applied to the facts of this case, necessarily defeated the plaintiff’s right to recover. Was the charge of the court correct, in contemplation of law ? I first propose to examine the question of agency, without regard to the relation of principal and security existing between Bunn and Whitehead. It is admitted, if Whitehead first paid the money to Bunn, and then he paid it to Peck, Bunn was the agent of Whitehead in making the payment. But is there any difference in law, between an antecedent authority given to make the payment by Whitehead to Bunn, and the ratification of the payment subsequently, of Bunn, by Whitehead ? The authorities recognize no such distinction, as will be readily discovered by reference to them. “ If I make a contract in the name of a person who has not given me an^authority, he will be under no obligation to ratify it, nor will he be bound to the performance of it. But if, with full knowledge of what I have done, he ratify the act, he will be considered to have contracted originally, by my agency; for the ratification is equivalent to an original authority.” — 1st Livermore on Agency, 44; 2d Kent’s Com. 614; 2d Greenleaf’s Ev. 46 ; Maclean vs. Dunn, 15th Com. Law Rep. 129. The maxim of the law is, that “ every consent given to what has been already done, has a retrospective effect, and equals a command.” If Bunn, without the knowledge of Whitehead, advanced the money to Peck, and took up Whitehead’s notes, and afterwards, with a full knowledge of all the facts, Whitehead ratified the transaction, as it appears he did do, by repayment to Bunn the full amount he had paid Peck, then Bunn was as much Whitehead’s agent, in making the payment, as if Whitehead had first paid the money to Bunn, and then Bunn had paid it to Peck. In contemplation of law, Bunn was as much the agent in the one case as the other. Certainly, it does not lie in the mouth of the defendant to object, Bunn was not the agent of Whitehead, in making payment and taking up Whitehead’s notes, when Whitehead himself has adopted and ratified his acts as such agent, and reimbursed him the full amount paid to Peck. But, it maybe said, the payment to Bunn by Whitehead was made in property. If ’parties agree to take property in lieu of cash, it is a good payment.— Peters vs. Barnhill, 1st Hill’s Carolina Rep. 234. Payment of a money debt, as surety or endorser, by conveying land which is received at the time as payment, will support the count for money paid, laid out — 155 — and expended. — Ainslie vs. Wilson, 7th Cow. Rep. 662; Bonney vs. Seeley, 2d Wendall’s Rep. 481. The defendant, in this case, can derive no aid whatever from the fact, the payment by which Bunn was reimbursed was made in property. If the parties thought proper to treat the property as cash, they had a legal right to do so, and such payment, in judgment of law, will be considered as a cash payment. The payment of the money by Bunn to Peck, having been adopted and ratified by Whitehead, subsequently, and Buunre imbursed therefor, Whitehead is entitled, both in law and equity, to recover the amount of usurious interest from Peck, who received it, equally as if the money had been paid directly by Whitehead to Peck, out ofhis own hand ; and the attempted evasion of the law ought not, in my judgment, to receive the sanction of this court. I have been considering this question as if the relation of principal security did not exist between Bunn and Whitehead, at the time of the payment of the money ; and have endeavored to establish the plaintiff’s right to recover, on the ground that the payment to Peck was made by Bunn as the agent of Whitehead. Although there was no antecedent authority given to Bunn by Whitehead to make the payment; yet, his subsequent ratification of the payment by Bunn, and reimbursing him, was in law equivalent to an original authority, and the defendant, with the money in his pocket, could not question his agency, when Whitehead had ratified it. Does the fact that Bunn was the security of Whitehead in the least degree weaken his authority as agent in making the payment to Peck for Whitehead in a legal point of view ? I think not ; but, on the contrary, greatly strengthens it. The record shows that Whitehead was principal and Bunn the security, and that Bunn paid the money to Peck as security for Whitehead. If Whitehead was the principal debtor, and Bunn the security, and the money was paid by the security to Peck the creditor, such payment was, in contemplation of law, made for the principal debtor. “ If one person is surety for another, and compellable to pay the whole debt, and he is called on to pay, it is money paid to the use oí the principal debtor, and may be recovered in an action against him, for money paid, though the surety did not pay the debt by desire of the principal.” — 1st Livermore on Agency, 52-3 ; Tousaint vs. Martinnant, 2d Term Rep. 104; Exall vs. Partridge, 8th Term Rep. 310 ; Ponnall vs. Ferrand, 13th Com. Law Rep. 230. In 2d Kent’s Com. 617, the learned commentator asserts the principle, that “ A surety, from his relation to the principal debtor, has an interest and a right to see that the debt bo paid : and if he pays to relieve himself, it is money paid to and for the use of the other.” If Bunn paid the money to Peck, as the security of Whitehead, as the record shows, he paid it for Whitehead; and if Whitehead had not reimbursed Bunn, he would have been entitled, so soon as the note became due, to have maintained an action against While-head, for so much money paid to Peck for his use. The charge; of the court evidently proceeds on the ground, that Bunn, when he paid Peck, paid his own debt, when in fact, he paid it for the use of Whitehead, Ms principal, and would have been entitled, as we have seen, (had it not been paid,) to recover it from Whitehead. If it was Bunn’s own debt, he paid to Peck, money which he paid for himself, on what principle is it he would be entitled io recover it back from Whitehead ? Bunn certainly would not have been entitled to have recovered back his own — 156 — money ; money paid for himself to Peck, from Whitehead ? The court below asserts as the law, that the security might pay off the whole debt, and recover of the principal, for so much money paid to his use. But if Bunn the security paid it for himself, how could he recover of Whitehead, for so much money paid for his use ? If Bunn paid the money to Peck for Whitehead as his security, as the record shows he did, then Whitehead is entitled to recover from Peck the amount of usury which Bunn paid him for Whitehead. The money which Peck received from Bunn, over and above the principal and lawful interest, was, in legal contemplation, Whitehead’s money paid to Peck by Bunn for him, and which, in equity and good conscience, he ought to refund ; and the law raises an assumpsit in favor of Whitehead, and creates a privity of contract between Peck and Whitehead, which authorizes the plaintiff to recover in this form of action. — Camp vs. Tompkins, 9th Connecticut Rep. 553 ; Mason vs. White, 17th Mass. Rep. 560; Hall vs. Marston, 17th Mass. Rep. 575; Wilson & Co. vs. Smith, 3d Howard's Rep. 763. In Camp vs. Tompkins it is said, “ In the eye of the law, there is always such privity of contract as is necessary to sustain this action, between a person who holds the money of another, which in equity and good conscience he is bound to refund, and the person whose money is thus withheld.” In Hall vs. Marston, which was an action for money had and received, Chief Justice Parker says : “ There are many cases, in which this action is supported without any privity between the parties, other than what is created by law. Whenever one man has in his hands the money of another, which he ought to'pay over, he is liable to this action, although he has never seen or heard of the party who has the right. When the fact is proved, he has the money ; if he cannot show that he has legal or equitable ground for retaining it, the law creates the privity and the promise.” If it be contended Bunn paid the money voluntarily, before the notes became due, without authority from Whitehead, it may be answered, Peck received the money for Whitehead's notes, and Whitehead, with a full knowledge of the facts, ratified the payment made by Bunn, and reimbursed him ; therefore, in judgment of law, the payment was made by Bunn as the agent of Whitehead, as clearly, as if Whitehead had in the. first instance given Bunn the money to hand over to Peck, on the principle, that the ratification of the act of payment, bj' Whitehead, is equivalent to an original authority to Bunn, to make such payment. Besides, Whitehead having recognized and ratified the payment made by Bunn, Peck, with the money in his pocket, cannot be heard in denial of Bunn’s agency, to make such payment for Whitehead. In my judgment, it would be iniquitous to permit him to do so, for the purpose of defeating this equitable action. If Bunn paid the money to Peck, the creditor, as the security of Whitehead, as the record shows he did, then he paid it for Whitehead, and Whitehead has reimbursed him. The defendant, Peck, then, has the money of Whitehead, which, under the, laws of the country, he ought not to retain, paid to him either by Bunn as his agent, or paid to him for Whitehead by Bunn, Ms security ; and not being able to show, “ he has either a legal or equitable ground for retaining it, the law creates the privity and«the promise" necessary, to entitle the plaintiff to recover. I am therefore of the opinion the judgment of the court below should be reversed, and a new trial granted.