Mallery v. Dudley ex rel. Amaker

By the Court Lumpkin, J., delivering the opinion. M. S. Dudley and Rinaldo P. Dudley, infants under the age of twenty-one years, by their next friend and guardian, ad. litem„ — 57 — Adam Amaker, all of the State of South Carolina, filed their Bill in Equity, in the Superior Court of the county of Effingham, and returnable to the October Term in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty six of said Court, and therein alleging, that in the month of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, Mary Dudley, of the State of South Carolina, made and executed a certain Bill of Sale, or conveyance, a copy of which was annexed, and is as follows : “ Georgia, Effingham County : “ Know all men by these presents, that I, Mary Dudley, of the State of South Carolina, in consideration of the natural love and affection which I have and bear to my daughter Maria S. Dudley, wife of¥m. J. Dudley, of the State and county aforesaid, and for and towards the better support and maintenance of her, after my decease, and for divers other good causes and considerations, me thereunto moving especially, have given, granted, and sold, and by these presents do give, grant, and sell unto James O. Gold wire, of the State and county aforesaid, Trustee for the said Maria S. Dudley, wife of the said ¥m. J. Dudley, a negro man slave named Jim, between forty-five and fifty years of age; also a negro girl slave called Eliza, about four years of age, with her future issue and increase; and also, all the notes of hand and ready money, that I, the said Mary Dudley, may be possessed of at or on the day of my death, unto the said James 0. Goldwire, his executors, administrators and assigns, in trust, to and for the only use, benefit, and behoof of the said Maria S. Dudley, for and during the natural life of her husband, W. J. Dudley, then in trust, to and for the only use, benefit and behoof of the child, or children of the said Maria S. Dudley, by her said husband, the said William J. Dudley, who may be living at the time of her death; if more than one, then to be divided among them, share and share alike, to him, her or them, his, her or their executors, administrators and assigns forever. And if it should happen, that the said Maria S. Dudley should depart this life, leaving no child or children by her said husband, then in trust, for the maintenance and support of the said William J. Dudley and his child or children, and should said Maria S. Dudley leave no children or child by her said husband, W. J. Dudley, to have and to hold the said negro man slave Jim, and the said negro girl slave Eliza, and her issue, during her widowhood ; and should it so happen, that the said W. J. Dudley depart — 58 — this life, without a child or children, then the said negroes to revert back to me, the said Mary Dudley, and after my death, to be divided, share and share alike, between my two grandsons, "Walter S. and Rinaldo P. Dudley; and I, the said Mary Dudley, do hereby, for myself, my executors, administrators and assigns, warrant and defend the said negro man slave called Jim, and the said negro slave called Eliza, unto the said James O. Goldwire, his executors, administrators, and assigns, against all, and any other person or persons whatever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this (13) thirteenth day of May in the year of our lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven. Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of Mary Dudley, [l. s.] Jos. Hitchcock, B. C. Porter. This instrument was duly recorded in Effingham county, upon the following affidavit of one of the subscribing witnesses: “ Personally appeared Benjamin C. Porter, who being duly sworn, on the Holy Evangelist, deposeth and says that he was present, and did see Mrs. Mary Dudley sign, and execute, and deliver the within instrument of writing, for the purposes therein mentioned, and that Joseph Hitchcock with himself signed as witness thereto. [Signed.] B. C. Porter. Sworn to this 29th day of May, 1837. J. R. Morgan, j. p. The Bill further alleged, that the said Mary Dudley departed this life before the said William J. Dudley, who hath since deceased without leaving issue, and the said Maria hath since intermarried with Horace Mallery, of the county of Effingham, and State of Georgia; that the said Horace Mallery, and Maria his wife, still retain and keep possession of the said slaves, and that the said complainants had frequently applied to them to surrender said slaves; that the said Horace and wife have in their possession, the original bill of sale or conveyance, under which the complainants claim title, and that they refuse either to deliver it up, or permit the complainants to have access to it; and the said complainants after specifically interrogating the said Horace and his wife Maria S., to all and singular, the matters charged in the Bill, prayed that the said defendants might be decreed to produce the said original Bill of sale or conveyance, to surrender to complainants the said slaves Jim and Eliza, or account for the same, and-to pay to com — 59 — plainants the hire of the slaves, since the intermarriage of the defendants, and for further and other relief. To this Bill a Demurrer was filed, alleging the following grounds — First, Because no persons ought to be compelled to set forth or discover any matter or thing, which may subject him or her, to any pains, or penalties, or forfeiture whatsoever ; and therefore, as the said complainant’s Bill, on its face, seeks the discovery of a fact from the defendants, the discovery of which would subject them, (if true,) to a forfeiture of the estate sought to be recovered from them, they demur thereto. Second, Because the said complainants have not made any such case, or set forth any such title, as will entitle them in a Court of Equity to any discovery from the defendants, or any relief against them. After hearing argument upon the Demurrer, Judge Fleming declined expressing any opinion on the first ground, simply remarking that if he were to sustain it, he would allow complainants to amend their -Bill, by striking out so much of it as seeks a discovery from the defendants, of their marriage. Under the second head of Demurrer, various views were presented by the counsel for die defendants. First, It was contended that Maria S. Dudley took an absolute fee to the negroes, either in her own right, or as the sole heir of her husband, William J. Dudley. That if this were not so, that she took at least an estate during the term of her natural life ; that if they were wrong in these positions, then they insisted that the whole instrument was a will, and if it were not, that portion of it, in favor of the complainants, was testamentary. That if the conveyance be a deed, and not a will, and the complainants entitled to take as remainder-men, that their estate is either legal or equitable; if equitable, the trustee should have been made a party; if legal, they have a full and adequate remedy at law. His Honor, Judge Fleming, overruled all of these grounds, except that the conveyance was testamentary in its character, as to the complainants; to which latter opinion the complainants excepted, and to all the rest the defendants excepted, so that we have, for the first time since the establishment of the Court, the novel spectacle, of two Bills of Exceptions, predicated on the same decision. The Court below having determined to sustain the defendants — 60 — on another point, which would be fatal to the Bill, did not see fit to decide whether the complainants had the right to inquire of the defendants if they had not intermarried. There is, therefore, nothing for us to review in this behalf. are inclined to think that the question was improperly propounded; still we are clear that the Bill might have been amended by striking out this interrogatory. [1.] "Where a Demurrer to the whole of a Bill has been argued and allowed, the Bill is out of Court, and therefore cannot be regularly amended. ■ To avoid this consequence, the Courts will sometimes, instead of deciding upon the Demurrer, give the complainant liberty to amend his Bill, upon terms. But where the Demurrer leaves any part of the Bill untouched, the whole may be amended, notwithstanding the allowance of the Demurrer, for the suit in that case continues in court. Story Eq. PI. §459. 3 Mitf Eq. PI. by Jeremy, 215, 216, and cases there cited. Cooper’s Eq. PI. 115. 11 Ves. 72. Upon the proper construction of the conveyance made by old Mrs. Mary Dudley, our opinion will be very brief, notwithstanding it has elicited such an admirable exhibition of “ complex and multifarious learning,” by the erudite and ingenious counsel, who have conducted the argument. "We have listened with patience and profound delight to a discussion, from which, it is not too much to say, my Lord Coke himself, were he in life, might derive both pleasure and profit. We lack the necessary time, had we the inclination and the ability, to be “ raking in the ashes of antiquated cases,” (whose name is Legion,) on this abstruse point of Blach-letter lore. In the interpretation of all instruments, the intention of the parties is to be the cardinal rule for our guidance, and when discovered, it will be executed, if it can be done consistently with the rules of law. And we see nothing to prevent every clause and provision of this conveyance from being carried into effect. What was the object of the donor % To provide first for Maria S. Dudley during the life of her husband, and if she survived him, without children by him, then for her maintenance during her xoidowhood; if he survived her without children by her, then, in trust for the support of him, and any offspring that he might have by another wife. And all these contingencies failing, or events happening, then the negroes are to return to her, (which they would do of course by operation of law,) and she finally gives them, — 61 — after her death, to her grand children, the complainants in the Bill. [2.] Under the rule in Shelley’s Case, “that when the ancestor, by any gift or conveyance, taketh an estate of freehold, and in the same gift or conveyance an estate is limited, either mediately or immediately, to his heirs in fee, or in tail, theheirs are words of limitation and not words of purchase.” (1 Reports 104 ;) or in Wild’s case, “that where lands are devised to a person and his children, and he has no children at the time of the devise, the parent takes an estate tail,” (6 Reports, VI,) the words of this instrument might have been sufficient, unexplained, to have vested the fee to this property in Maria S. Dudley. Still there are superadded terms piled upon each other here, which take the case out of the operation of the principle and doctrine of those rules. The slaves are given in trust for the use and benefit of Maria S. Dudley, for and during the natural life of her husband; then in trust, to and for the use of the child or children, of the said Maria S. Dudley, by Wm. J. Dudley, “ who may be living at the time of her death, if more than one, then to he divided among them, share and share alike, to him, her, or them, Ms, her, or their executors, administrators, and assigns forever;” “ and should it so happen that the said Maria S. Dudley should depart this life, leaving no child or children by the said husband,” &c. It is palpable from these quintuple phrases, that the obvious intent of the conveyance, was to constitute in the descendants of Maria S. Dudley a new stock of inheritance, and not that the issue of the daughter-in-law should take as heirs by descent and successively. And innumerable cases could be cited to show, that each set of these phrases, and even words of much weaker import had been seized upon by the Courts, to establish the intention, that the parties should take as purchasers, and not as heirs in the technical sense of that term. It is true, that in some late cases in England, commented on by Jarman, (2 Jarman on Wills, 275J the Courts in that country seem disposed to re-establish the original rules, in all of their stringency, and to hold that no after words shall do away with the force and effect of the technical language, used in the instrument, especially where there is an intermediate estate, or a limitation over created. Such, however, was not the doctrine promulgated in the great case of Perrin and Blake, (Hargrave’s Law Tracts, 501,) nor held at Westminster Hall, at and before the period of our revolution, when — 62 — we adopted tlie common law with the construction of the British Courts upon it. Mr. Justice Blackstone, in delivering judgment in Exchequer in Perrin vs. Blake, states, that all the cases that had occurred from the statute of Wills to that time, (a period of about two centuries) in which heirs of the body had been construed to be words of purchase, were reducible to these four heads ; either where no estate of freehold is given to the ancestor; or where no estate of inheritance is given to the heir; or where other explanatory words are immediatety subjoined to the former, or lastly, where a new inheritance is grafted on the heirs of the body; none of which, he adds, was the case then before the Court; but one of which, we may add, is the present case. In support of the proposition here laid down, I would refer to Perrin and Blake, 4 Burr. 2679. Atkinson vs. Hutchinson, 3 P. Wms. 258. 2 Eq. Ca. Abr. 294. Nichols vs. Cooper, 1 P. Wms. 198. 4 Brown, Ch.Cas. 542. Pinbury rvs. Elkin, 1 P. Wms. 563. Payne vs. Stratton, cited in 2 Atkins, 647. Doe vs. Lyde, 1 Dunf. and East, 591. Doe vs Laming, 2 Burr. 1100. Luddington vs. Kine, 1 Ld. Raym. 203. Blockhouse vs. Wells, 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. 184. King vs. Willing, Vent. 231. Love vs. Davis, 2 Lord Raym. 1561. Retrogression as to this doctrine, may comport with public policy in the mother country, where estates tail are lawful, if not encouraged. The reverse, however, is true here, where estates tail have been abolished for more than half a century, and where every presumption is against the intention of the party, to violate the law, by attempting to create them. “ There are several cases,” says Chancellor Kent, “ in a devise, in which the words heirs or heirs of the body, have been taken to be words oí purchase, and not oí limitation, in opposition to the rule in Shelley’s case — 1, where no estate of freehold is devised to the ancestor, or he is dead at the time of the devise; 2, where the testator annexes words of explanation to the word heirs; as to the heirs of A. now living, showing thereby, that he meant by the word heirs, a mero descriptio personarum, or specific designation of certain individuals. In such cases it appears, that the testator intended the heirs to be the root of a new inheritance, or the stock of a new descent; and. the denomination of heirs of the body is merely descriptive of the persons intended to take. 4 Rent, 221. — 63 — Mr. Reeve, after reviewing the cases on this point, thus concludes : “ From the foregoing authorities, it is considered as demonstrated, that a strict legal construction, or a technical sense of any words, should not prevail against the superior force of intention apparent on the instrument. Whenever, then, the matter becomes certain, that the term heirs is used with the intent that they should take as purchasers, it is contended that the instrument should be so construed.” And he refers to Justice Buller’s argument, in the case of Hodgson vs. Ambrose, reported in Douglass. “For such an intention,” says he, “is consistent with the rules of law ; and such estate might be given without the infringement of any rule.” Of this opinion was Lord Hardwicke in Bagshaw vs. Spencer, Lord Mansfield in Perrin and Blake ; Justices Aston and Wittes, same case : Sir Joshua Jelsyll in Papillon vs. Voice, reported in P. Williams ; Ch. Justice DeGrey and Baron Smythe in the case of Perrin vs. Blake, in the Exchequer chamber; together with many other distinguished characters.” Reeve’s Dom. Relat. 465. See also 2 Dall. 244. 6 Peters’, 68. 1 Hen. and Munf. 240. Dev. Eq. Rep. 189. 1 Bailey, 119. 6 Yerger, 96. 4 Stewart and Porter. We recognise then the mies in Shelley’s and Wilde’s cases, as the settled principles of the common law, brought to this country by our ancestors, adopted by our»state Legislature, and that whatever may be the feudal reasons, in which they originated, and which have ceased to exist, they must continue to be a portion of the public law, until abrogated by statutory enactment; still we are not willing to take the retrograde step which is indicated by the late decisions to which we have alluded. We are admonished against this, from a perfect conviction that the effect of these rules, with the relaxations from a rigid adherence to them, recognized in this country, operate in numerous cases of great hardship, to defeat the intention of parties. Had an estate tail been created by this instrument, our statute would have vested the fee in Maria S. Dudley; our opinion is that no such estate was created. • [3.] But it is said, that, admitting the fee did not vest in Maria S. Dudley, as the first taker under the clause in favor of her and her child or children, that the fee, under the rule in Wilde’s case, vested certainly in William J. Dudley; and that he dying without children, and intestate, she succeeded to the inheritance as heir at law. — 64 — What estate William J. Dudley would have taken, had he survived his wife, whether the usufruct for life, or the fee in this property, it is needless to determine. Whatever estate he would have taken, was limited upon the event of his wife’s dying without children before him. But she survived him. He being dead, then, when the particular estate terminated, and the estate given to him being upon the contingency of his surviving her, the reversion in fee vested in the grantor, and not in him, or any one claiming under him. The whole instrument taken together, shows, as we think, most obviously, that it was the intention of old Mrs. Dudley, that the vesting should be postponed, and not the actual possession only. 1 Jarm. on Wills, 770. 7 Metcalf’s Rep. 363, 378- [4.] But it is argued by counsel for the defendants below, that if they are wrong in the foregoing positions, that Mrs. Mallery took an estate in the negroes, at least for and during the term of her natural life, by implication. Estates by implication are restricted probably to Wills. At any rate, I can find no reported case under deeds. They are sustainable only upon the principle of carrying into effect the intention of the testator. And unless it appears, upon an examination of the whole instrument, that such must have been the intention, there is no bequest by implication. Besides, an implication may be rebutted by a contrary implication, which is equally strong.— 3 Paige, 9. 4 Pro. Ch. Cas. 534, 535. 13 Pick. 159. 23 Pick. 293, 294. 2 Jarman on Wills, 464, 465. Now, without assigning any other reason against the ground here taken, it is perhaps quite enough to say, that by the instrument, it will be perceived that Maria S. Dudley takes an estate in the slaves during widowhood, in the event of surviving her husband, without children by him — the very facts now existing. How then can she take an estate by imp/lication, during the term of her natural life 1 Would not such a construction involve a manifest absurdity 1 [5.] Is this paper then, a deed or a will ? It is wholly unnecessary to express any opinion upon the entire instrument, or any other portion of it, except the clause which disposes of the reversion to the complainants. For if the views we have already taken be well founded, all other interests have ceased, whether it be the one or the other. We concur, however, in the judgment below, that it is a will as — 65 — to the notes, and- ready money, and the interest of the complain-' ants and a deed for all other purposes. The trust created by the instrument ceased, or was executed, to speak with more technical precision, at the death of William J. Dudley, Maria S. Dudley, his wife, then took an estate for life in the slaves defeasible by her marriage. Upon the happening of that event, the property reverted to the donor, who has given the same to her grand-sons, the complainants, not in ¡presentí, but after her death. No present interest passed to them. And this it was competent for her to do, either by the same or a separate in" strument. A reversion may be disposed of by deed or will. This branch of the caséis controlled by the decision in Hester and Young, made at this place twelve months since, (2 Kelly, 46 J and is distinguished from the two cases determined at Milledgeville, in N oveimber last of Cumm/ing vs. Ware, and Jachson et al vs. Cul-pepper, in this, that there a present interest vested, but a life estate or use was reserved, whereas, here nothing is given until after the death of the donor. [6,] It only remains to notice one other point in the pleadings. His Honor, the presiding judge, held in accordance with the recent S. Carolina Cases, that a Bill well lies in a court of Equity for the specific delivery of slaves, which are withheld from the possession of the rightful owner, and that it is sufficient to give jurisdiction to the- Court, to state in such Bills that the slaves are the property of the complainant, and that their possession is withheld by the defendant. We yield our unqualified approval of the motive which has prompted these adjudications, namely, humanity to the slave, the interest of the owner, and a just regard to the ties which bind the master and.slave together. Those who are acquainted with this institution, know, that the master and slave form one family, or social compact, being usually reared together on the same lot or plantation, and feeling toward each other the kindest sympathies of our nature. And notwithstanding a distinguished statesman at the North has predicted that in case of war, the South would become the Flanders of America, the history of the last two wars, and of the last seventy years, commencing with Lord Dunmore’s fruitless attempt to stir up a servile insurrection in Virginia, falsifies this opinion. No subordinate class in the world entertain the same strength of attachment toward their superiors. — 66 — And this feeling is to a great extent reciprocated. The very strength and security of the South consists in the loyalty of our negro population to their owners. Instead of weakening, our desire is to maintain and promote this mutual attachment and good will. But we cannot, for the very reasons assigned in these cases, go to the extent of holding that it is sufficient merely to allege in the Bill, that the slaves sought to be recovered are the property of the complainant, and withheld by the defendant. In many,, I am prepared to say from my own experience, in a majority of the suits instituted for the recovery of slaves, humanity to both races requires that there should not be a specific delivery. And the very case under consideration illustrates the truth of this assertion. By reference to the conveyance,, it will be seen that Eliza, one of the slaves sued for, was only four years old at its date, in 1837. She is, consequently, now, fifteen. She knows no other mistress but Mrs. Mallery, who has reared her from infancy. It is true that Mrs. Mallery is not, in the eloquent and emphatic language of my young Brother, who argued this cause for the complainants, “ of the blood” of the donor, still,, in point of fact, she occupies a nearer relationship toward this girl, than the complainants do, who are lineally descended from old Mrs. Dudley. Besides, it is likely, that this slave has formed ties of a more tender character in the neighborhood where she resides, to sunder which, would be an act of flagrant cruelty. Female slaves are sometimes pledged for the payment of loaned money, and the borrower returns after the lapse of many years, tenders payment and claims the right to redeem his property, which has multiplied to a numerous family; here, as it often happens, the best feelings of our nature are opposed to the legal or equitable right. Slaves, then, being by our law, chattels, we think it best, that as a general rule, chancery should not entertain a Bill for their specific delivery. And that to give jurisdiction, it is necessary to charge and prove peculiar circumstances — as, that they are family servants, a carpenter, blacksmith, wagoner, hostler-, &c. This will give the defendant an opportunity of stating in his answer the peculiar circumstances connected with his possession; and the special jury, under the direction of the Chancellor, will constitute a fit and proper tribunal, to pass upon the peculiar features of each — 67 — case, and to decree either a specific delivery of the property, or its equivalent in money. And this is in conformity with the practice of the English Courts, from which ours is derived. There, a Bill will not lie for the specific recovery of chattels, unless where the remedy at law by damages, would be utterly inadequate, and leave the injured party in a state of irremediable loss. In all such cases, Courts of Equity will interfere, and grant full relief by requiring a specific delivery of the thing which is wrongfully withheld. 2 Stor. Eq. Jur. -§709. Thus, where the lord of the manor was entitled to an old altar piece, made of silver, and remarkable for a Greek inscription, and dedication to Hercules, it was decreed to be delivered up as a matter of curious antiquity which could not be replaced in value. Somerset vs. Cookson, 3 P. Wms. 390. So where an estate was held by the tenure of a horn, and a bill was brought to have it delivered up, it was held maintainable; for it constituted an essential muniment of his title. Pusey vs. Pusey. 1 Vernon, 273. The same principle applies to any other chattel, whose principal value consists m its antiquity; or in its being the production of some distinguished artist; or in being a family relic or ornament, dr heir-loom; such, for instance, as ancient gems, medals, and coins; ancient statues and busts; paintings of old and distinguished masters; and even those of a modem date, having a peculiar distinction and value, such as family pictures and portraits and ornaments, and other things of a kindred nature. Fells vs Read, 3 Ves. Jr. 70. Lloyd vs. Loaring, 6 Ves. 773, 779. Lowther vs. Lowther, 13 Ves. 95. Pearne vs. Lisle, Ambl. 77. Macclesfield vs. Davis, 3 Ves. and Bea. 16, 17, 18. Nutbrown vs. Thornton, 10 Ves. 163. Arundel vs. Phipps, 10 Ves. 140, 148. Cited Ibid. I would merely add that the act of 1821, (Prince, 449,) passed the more effectually to quiet and protect the possession of personal property, and to prevent taking possession thereof by fraud or violence, gives a summary remedy to re-possess owners of negroes, and other chattels, against adverse claimants, who have gotten hold of them by violence, seduction, or other unlawful means.