Smith v. Atwood

By the Court. Starnes, J., delivering the -opinion. [1.] While the tidal ©f this cause was progressing, as a foundation for secondary evidence, the defendant in error tendered an affidavit made by him to the effect, that a release which he had obtained from G-eorge A. Smith, the husband of the complainant Agnes Smith, had been lost or mislaid by him when on a visit to Florida, and that after diligent search he could not — 408 — find the same. To this, objection was made, on the ground that it was not a compliance with tho 50th Common Law rule, which requires the party making the oath to swear to the loss or destruction of the original, and that it was not in his possession, power, or custody. The affidavit was, in our opinion, rightly admitted. It was not a compliance with the rule in precise terms, but was so substantially. If the party had lost or mislaid the paper, and after diligent search could not find it; in contemplation of law, it was lost or destroyed, and in tho same legal contemplation, it was not in his possession or custody. And an oath that ho had lost and could not find it, negatives the idea that it was in his possession, &c. If he had not lost or mislaid the paper, but had it in his possession, power, or custody, without doubt an indictment for perjury could have been sustained against him on this affidavit. [2.] The defendant next offered in evidence an instrument, signed by the said George A. Smith, and dated on the 4th day of January, 1828, in which he acknowledged that himself and tho defendant had-Qqipe to a compromise and settlement of their controversies, &c. **'- w This was properly^ admitted by the Court. It was of a tenor to authorize presumption in aid of the case, which defendant was endeavoring to make out. His case, rested in part, upon an alledgod settlement and release of claims on him by Smith, in right of his wife. Controversies in relation to these claims were existing between the parties; suits had been commenced on account of them; and writs issued in these suits against Smith, in the name of defendant, on the 3d day of January, 1828, which were served in the city of Macon, on the 4th of January, 1828, the date of the instrument offered. When this testimony was tendered, the copy of a release, which it was said had been then executed by Smith, had been rejected, defendant could not know that he would ever be able to get that paper before the jury; and it was therefore proper for him to show, if possible, by any relevant evidence, that such settlement as he relied on had been made. The paper offered, — 409 — bore date at Macon, on the 4th of January, 1828, and acknowledged a settlement of controversies between these persons, which may have been the controversies arising out of the matters involved in the present case. The instrument, then, so far as it went, was proper in this point of view, for the consideration of the jury. [3.] The next question for our consideration, is raised upon that portion of the charge of the Court, in which his Honor instructed the jury that by the execution “ Of the marriage settlement, the title (to the negroes therein contained) passed out of John L. McIntosh to the trustees” ; and that the negroes in question “Never belonged to the estate of John L. McIntosh : towards these negroes the defendant never had occupied the character of administrator: when the coverture closed, the trust was executed”, &c. That neither Mrs. Smith nor her heirs would take the property, but “ At her death it would pass to the right heirs of John L. McIntosh”. This was a deed of marriage settlement, by which the husband, John L. McIntosh, conveyed^^í^g^j^geB|^named to certain trustees, the survivor or^m^tore^ and t^ifrepresentatives, in consideration of a C0BtemAt.Qd£WH¡@jÉ®& with Agnes Harrell (now the complainan|^^TOimW^’“ To We use and behoof of Agnes Harrell, the mejul^LiaK^^^ith# said John L. McIntosh, during her nati^^TFiTm,. andj^- her death in trust “ To and for the use andreffir^s^rthe child or children” of the husband and wife; and in default of such issue, it was therein and thereby contracted, that “ The property should revert and become the property of John L. McIntosh,. his heirs and assigns forever”. It will be observed, that the words “ To the sole and separate use” of the wife are wanting in this instrument. But it is to be inferred from the character of the conveyance, (being a settlement by husband upon wife) that the life interest conveyed, was intended as a separate estate. This presumption, however, can extend no further than that coverture; for it relates to that only, and there is nothing in the instrument, or the cir — 410 — cumstances which, will authorize a conclusion, that it was intended to extend further. Our construction, then, of such an instrument is, that the legal title to the property conveyed, at the period of its execution, passed out of John L. McIntosh into the trustees, for the purpose of securing the Avife’s enjoyment of the same during the coverture, for the purpose of protecting it against the marital rights, and of preserving the executory gift in the nature of a contingent remainder to children, who might be born of that coverture. Whilst the coverture lasted, there Avas occasion for the intervention of trustees for the reason and purposes stated, and whilst there remained possibility of issue of the coverture, there remained a contingency on which the gift over was to take effect. (2 Black. Com. 109. 1 Fearne, 217.) And in legal contemplation, a propriety, if not necessity, for the appointment of trustees to secure and preserve the same. But when the coverture had terminated by the death of John L. McIntosh without leaving children, there AYas neither a necessity for the interposition of these trustees, and a continuance of the trust to protect a separate,, estate, which terminated with this coverture, nor to preserve and give effect to the contingent gift. (Hawley vs. James, 5 Paige Ch. R. 466. Liptrot’s Adm’r. vs. Holmes, 1 Kelly, 889, 390.) “ It is a general rule that the legal estate in the trustees shall be carried so far only as is necessary to effectuate the several intentions of the will”. (5 Taunton, 385, Doe vs. Barthrop.) We desire to be distinctly understood, as placing our opinion, that the separate estate in Mrs. McIntosh, created by this instrument, terminated with the coverture, and did not extend into her second marriage, on the definite ground, that the terms of the settlement authorized no further continuance of such estate. The result was, that when this coverture terminated by the death of John L. McIntosh, without off-spring from the parties to it, the life-estate Avas executed in Mrs. McIntosh (noAV Mrs. — 411 — Smith) and the interest of the heir of John L. McIntosh, which before was contingent, became at once ¿.certain and vested interest in the nature of a remainder, taking effect in Mrs. Atwood .(the wife of defendant) as the person who would answer the description of right heir to John L. McIntosh, if living at the termination of the life estate, subject to be divested in favor of any other person, who, upon the death of Mrs. McIntosh, might answer that description. (4 Kents Oom. 201, 202.) Of course Mrs. Smith could not answer such description, as the case is put upon the predicate of her death. JohnL. McIntosh too, being dead, the property could not revert to him; but must take the other direction specified, viz: vest in his heirs. It could not, therefore, become property of his estate in any point of view — his administrator could have no authority over it; and the charge of the Court was correct on these points. [4.] It is also insisted, that the Court erred in charging that the complainant, who sues for the recovery of the negroes contained in the marriage settlement, and in the possession of Atwood, is barred by the Statute of Limitations, if the possession was taken under the release, and"\vas held adversely by the complainant. To this charge we can see no valid objection. The question was put upon the distinct fact of adverse possession. Under the views we have already expressed, the life estate in these negroes took effect fully in Mrs. Smith, when she became discovert. It vested, then, in her second husband, when she again became covert. He had the right to alienate the same, and if he did so by the contract with At-' wood, possession adverse to the complainant, when she again became discovert, was taken under .such alienation of this property, the Statute commenced to run against her; and, as appears by the facts in the record, operated a bar to the claim. The next question which is presented in this record, arises out of the alleged execution of the release or assignment, to which reference has been made. [5.] It is insisted, that the Court below erred in charging, that proof of such instrument might bo furnished by the an — 412 — swer, if the same were responsive to the allegations of tho bill; and that the answer on this subject was so responsive. In the first of these bills, the defendant is called on to say, “ By what pretended claim he refused to give possession” of the property, &c. In the second, he is required to state “Upon what pretences he refused to give up such possession”, &c. When, therefore, he replies to these calls, whether there was anything in other parts of the bill which laid the foundation for them or not, setting forth the release as the claim which he was asserting, and by reason of which he refused to deliver possession, he directly responded. It is true, that if a complainant does not lay the foundation for an interrogatory which he addresses to the defendant, in the stating or charging portions of his bill, such defendant is not required to answer the interrogatory. But if a complainant do insert such interrogatory without such foundation, he does so at liis peril, if the same relate to the matter in issue ; and he must be bound by a pertinent answer. A different rule would encourage an unscrupulous pleader to take the chances of a favorable answer to a fishing interrogatory; and if the answer was such as was not wanted, then to object, on the ground that his own interrogatory was not authorized. It is urged that the answer is not responsive on this point, because tho defendant is, by this release, setting up matter in liis answer by way of discharge; and that such matter must therefore be proven. Undoubtedly, a bill may be so framed as not to call for matter in discharge, and while asking for discovery as to the matters on which discovery is needed for the complainant ; yet avoiding to call for matter in discharge. In such event, it may perhaps be successfully contended, that such matter, if set forth in the answer, is not responsive; and must be otherwise proven. But this bill, so far as these interrogatories are concerned, is (probably designedly so) differently framed. [6.] Objection was made to this release, on the ground that tho same was obtained by duress ; and that tho Court erred in charging the jury, that if the defendant was fairly in the pi-os — 413 — ecution of his legal rights, the imprisonment of Smith was not sufficient to authorize the setting aside the release. It is now urged, that admitting the arrest was legal; yet the defendant may have used a legal arrest, , to the unfair and illegal purpose of extorting a settlement of controversies advantageous to himself. The récord shows, that the language of the Court was, that “ If the defendant was only fairly in the prosecution of his legal rights by imprisoning Smith, the release cannot he set aside on that ground.” Defendant could not have been, fairly in the prosecution of his legal rights only, if he were using a legal arrest for an unlawful purpose; and so we think the Court must have been understood by the jury. [7.] Upon the subject of the release or relinquishment in question, the Court further charged the jury, that if the relinquishment was made “ With her (Mrs. Smith’s) consent, she is barred and forever” ; and this is assigned as error. This charge was made, as appears by the record, in connection with a consideration of the right of complainant in the second bill, to recover her distributive share in the estate of John L. McIntosh. It was contended that this relinquishment, if fairly obtained from Smith, was of property which he had not reduced into possession, in which the wife was entitled to her right of survivorship, and out of which to an equitable provision. It is known that there is a difference between the wife’s right of survivorship, and her equity, as it is commonly called. The first may be assigned by the husband, for a valuable consideration, without her consent. (Clancy on Husl. & W. 104. Schuyler vs. Hoyle, 5 John. Ch. M. 195.) The second cannot be assigned, except with her consent. And this consent is required to be manifested in a certain formal way.— (Clancy, 537.) Now this assignment or relinquishment by Smith to the defendant, effectually disposes of the wife’s right of survivorship to her share in this estate, according to this rule, even without her consent. It does not, however, appear that her consent at the time of assignment, to part with the right to- an equita — 414 — ble provision out of tbe property, has been manifested in tbe formal way, ordinarily required in such cases. But it may well be held, that if she gave her consent to this settlement between her husband and Atwood, and knew that the former received and retained certain negroes in pursuance of the settlement, and for many years after she was discovert acquiesced in this arrangement, and took no steps to assert her claim, it is now right and just that she should be estopped from insisting on her equity, as to the negroes retained by Atwood. Whether or not she did give such consent, and thus acquiesce in the arrangement, was a fact to be determined by the jury; and was submitted to them. It was urged by the counsel for the plaintiff, that there was no evidence in the record, going to show such consent and acquiescence. We think otherwise. There was evidence to this effect: 1. In the statement (which was admitted to be in proof) that Mrs. Smith was in Macon at the time of her husband’s arrest and imprisonment, on the 4th January, 1828 ; from which, it is fair to presume that she knew of the controversy about the negroes — its character and settlement, by which her husband was discharged. 2. In the fact that certain of these negroes afterwards continued to remain in her husband’s possession, without claim from defendant, until purchase of them by that husband. 3. That Scott Cray relates a conversation which he had with her presently after this sale, in which she spoke of it, and expressed her satisfaction that the negroes were going back to their old home. 4. The acquiescence, for a considerable time, continued after she became discovert, though having the knowledge of which, the above facts may be considered suggestive. These were facts and considerations to which the jury may very properly have looked, for evidence of the consent spoken of by the Court. [8.] But it was also contended for the complainant, that as to this distributive share of the estate of John L. McIntosh, the defendant occupied the relation of trustee, and the Statute cannot be allowed to run between him and his cestui que — 415 — trust. Admitting that the facts show that the defendant was administrator, as alledged; yet they also show that he was the assignee of Smith; and it was left for the jury to decide •whether or not this was with the consent of the complainant. If this was found to be so, then he was holding, and claiming to hold, by virtue of this assignment; and this was possession adverse to the claim of complainant. The charge of the Court was therefore right, that if this was found to be true by the jury, and Mrs. Smith had knowledge of it, the Statute ran in Atwood’s favor, notwithstanding his character as administrator ; inasmuch as Mrs. Smith was a feme sole, from 1836, and might have brought suit against him. [9.] There was a general assignment of error on the whole charge of the Court, without specification. We are of the opinion that this is not a proper assignment, where there are many points involved in the charge. It is the privilege of the plaintiff in error to except to the whole charge if he please; but in such case, he must specify in the assignment of errors, the several portions of the charge relating to distinct points, to which he excepts. The assignment of errors is intended in this way to be productive of convenience, and in advancement of justice; and hence the rule requiring it. We believe that we have considered all the material points discussed for the plaintiff in error; but if we have not, we are sure that we have expressed our opinions upon all that properly appear in the assignment of errors. Judgment affirmed.