Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Co. v. Owings

Lumpkin, Justice. 1. This case, in some respects, resembles that of Augusta Railway Co. v. Andrews, 89 Ga. 653, although in one essential feature the two cases are materially different. In the former, it appeared that Andrews, who was injured by an electric current, was, at the time he received the shock, a trespasser upon the fire-alarm system of the city of Augusta, having, without permission, climbed a pole upon which he had no right to go; and it was accordingly held that he took the risk incident to the trespass. In the present case, the deceased husband of the plaintiff, who was killed by a current of electricity emanating from the plant of the defendant railway company, was not a trespasser, but was engaged in the performance of his duties as a lineman of the telephone company, and was in the strictest sense where he had a perfect right to be at the time he received the fatal shock. The railway company employed, in the conduct of its business, a subtle, dangerous and death-dealing agency. It consisted of a high potential electric current which traversed wires stretched upon poles and running through the city of Atlanta and its suburbs. These wires were liable, upon coming in contact with other wires belonging to the telephone company, the electric light company, and perhaps other corporations, to cause injury or death to employees of these other companies while engaged in performing their duties as linemen. Under these circumstances, it is to all minds a clear proposition that the railway company was bound to exercise at least ordinary diligence, not only to prevent contacts from which the above mentioned consequences might reasonably be expected to ensue, but also to discover and take measures to prevent a continuance of such contacts even when occasioned by the negligence of any other persons. To hold otherwise would be to allow this company to maintain its deadly agency with no responsibility whatever for consequences which, in the natural [667] course of things, might in all probability occur. Those who employ in the prosecution of their business a palpably and highly dangerous agency, such as electricity, are bound to exercise such precautions to prevent injury to others as the emergency would reasonably seem to require. In this connection, we refer to the interesting case of Ahern v. Oregon Telephone &c. Co., 22 L. R. A. 635. It cannot be doubted that the owner of a ferocious lion would be bound to keep him securely caged in order to prevent harm to others; and even if a negligent or malicious person should open the door of the lion’s cage and allow him to escape, there should be no unreasonable delay on the part of the owner in discovering this fact and in taking diligent steps looking to the recapture of the animal. The feed wire of the railway company, from the very subtlety and intangible form of the danger that lurks therein when it is charged with a powerful current of electricity, is much more dangerous than a score of lions. Its death-dealing power is not discoverable by exercising the senses of sight, hearing or smell. Imperceptibly and noiselessly it strikes down its victim, and he is either mutilated or killed before he has the slightest warning of the terrible danger so near at hand. The duty of preventing,' if possible, a contact between this dangerous feed wire and the wires belonging to other companies can hardly be denied. The duty of providing against its continuance, when occasioned solely by the act of others, is, of course, less stringent; but nevertheless, where such a contact exists, tlie company ought to discover it within a reasonable time and take prompt and efficient measures to correct and remedy the evil. Exactly what period will constitute a reasonable time cannot be accurately defined. Each case must depend almost entirely upon its own peculiar facts and attending circumstances; and whether or not the proper degree of diligence has been observed will, in every instance, be a question for determination by the jury. [668] 2. It is no longer a debatable .question that, in order to recover for injuries occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, the plaintiff can recover only upon some act, or acts, of negligence alleged in bis declaration. In the present case, counsel for the defendant requested that an instruction to this effect be given to the jury. The court declined to charge in the precise language of the request, but we think its substance was fully covered by the charge actually given. Among other tilings, the declaration alleged that the defendant’s feed wire was “negligently and carelessly permitted by the defendant to rest upon and be in immediate contact with” a call wire of the telephone company. The charge, as a whole, made it sufficiently clear to the jury that the plaintiff must prove the negligence thus alleged, and also that it occasioned the death of her husband, before she would be entitled to a recovery. 3. It was argued that the deceased was not actually killed by the electric shock; that while be was stunned and injured by it, bis death was really occasioned by bis fall to the ground from the top of the pole upon which be was at work. There is no merit at all in this contention. It was proved beyond question that the deceased was so burned, shocked and put in pain, as to lose bis strength or consciousness and the control of bis movements, and in consequence fell to the ground and was killed. Certainly, under such circumstances, it could not be inaccurate to say that the electric current was the proximate cause of bis death. 4. In charging the jury with reference to the measure of damages, the presiding judge stated that they might take into consideration any “prospect of increased earnings” on the part of the deceased. This charge was complained of as erroneous, on the ground that it alluded to a matter as to which nothing was alleged in the declaration. In the same connection, however, the judge also instructed the jury tbat they might consider the deceased’s “diminu [669] tion of capacity to earn money, as the result of growing years and infirmities of age.” Taking the charge altogether, it was not unfair to the defendant. The court was simply holding up both sides of the question with reference to the earning capacity of the deceased in the. event he had not been killed. No point was raised that there was no evidence as to a probable increase of earning capacity on the part of the deceased upon which to predicate the charge complained of. Assuming that it was necessary for the plaintiff to make specific allegations in her declaration as to this element of damage she had suffered, in order to enable her, as matter of right, to introduce evidence in support thereof, it seems clear that the proper course to be pursued by the defendant would have been to object to the introduction of such of the evidence as was not covered by the allegations of the plaintiff’s declaration. If evidence as to the probable increased earning capacity of the deceased was, without objection, allowed to go to the jury, it certainly would seem proper for the judge, if not incumbent upon him, to instruct the jury what they were to do with such evidence. Central Railroad Co. v. Attaway, 90 Ga. 659, and authorities there cited. 5. Error was assigned upon certain rulings of the judge in rejecting evidence; but after carefully and thoroughly examining the record, we do not discover that any material error in this respect was committed. It was strenuously insisted that the evidence showed that the deceased was guilty of such contributory negligence as to require an apportionment of the damages, and that the verdict ought to be set aside for the reason that the jury evidently deducted nothing on this account. The record before us does not, however, sustain this contention. The amount of the verdict is not so large as to show with certainty that'no apportionment was in fact made; for, under the evidence, the verdict might have been for even a larger amount than that found by the jury. This being so, and [670] tbe law as to contributory negligence having been fully and fairly submitted to the jury, we do not feel authorized to disturb their verdict on the ground that it is excessive. Unquestionably, there was evidence upon which a finding for the defendant could have been safely predicated; but the jury, as was their right, accepted that version of the evidence as a whole which operated favorably to the plaintiff. In this view, the verdict found was fully warranted. "We have no right to interfere with the functions which the law devolves upon juries; and upon a full review of the whole case, we find no legal reason for directing that the case undergo another investigation. Judgment affirmed.