Mixon v. Stanley

Pish, Justice. The main question presented by this record is, whether or not a mortgagee of real estate has a right to redeem the same from a tax sale. Although this is a question that has been often ruled upon by the courts of highest res'ort in this country, this is the first time that it has been before this court. We think its proper determination, in any case, depends upon the wording of the statute which provides for the redemption of land sold for taxes, and the nature of a mortgage within the jurisdiction where a decision upon the question is invoked. Por we do not agree with those courts-which seem to hold that the right to redeem exists independent of statute. In the present case, it depends upon> — 375 — what is a mortgage in Georgia, and the construction to be given to the term “the owner,” as used in the section of our code which makes provisión for redemption. If the mortgagee can be considered “the owner” of the land that has been sold for taxes, within the meaning of the term as therein used, then he has the right to redeem it, otherwise not. The section provides, that “Whenever any land is sold by virtue of a tax execution issued under this code, the owner thereof, or any administrator, executor, or guardian or other trustee of the defendant in execution, shall have the privilege of redeeming said land thus sold,” etc. Pol. Code, §909; Code of 1882, §898. “A mortgage in this State is only a security for debt, and passes no title.” Civ. Code, §2723; Code of 1882, §1954. This declaration of the law appeared in our first code, which took effect the first of January, 1863, and has been in each subsequent code. It was, however, well settled law in this State before the adoption of the Code of 1860, as will be seen by reference to the following decisions of this court. Davis v. Anderson, 1 Kelly, 176; Winter v. Garrard, 7 Ga. 183; Ragland v. Justices, 10 Ga. 65; Elfe v. Cole, 26 Ga. 197. The general rule, deducible from the decisions of the courts, rendered in cases where tax redemption statutes have been under consideration, is, that such statutes should be liberally construed, and consequently the terms employed to designate the persons who have a right to redeem are given a broad and comprehensive meaning. In some jurisdictions, the courts have carried this liberality of construction to great lengths, further than we are willing to follow them. Thus it has been held that “almost any right, either in law or equity, perfect or inchoate, in possession or in action, or whether in the nature of a charge or incumbrance on the land, amounts to- such an ownership as will entitle the party holding it to redeem the land from tax sale.” Woodward v. Campbell, 39 Ark. 580; Rice v. Nelson, 27 Ia. 148. So it has been held that a mere judgment creditor of the “owner” — 376 — may redeem. Basso v. Benker, 33 La. Ann. 432. And in Blackwell on Tax Titles (5th ed.), §705, the author says: “In 'construing the redemption laws, the courts hold (that the word “owner” is a generic term, which embraces the different species of interest which may be carved out of a fee-simple estate. This construction is the only one which can effectuate the intention of the legislature, and protect the interests of all parties concerned in the land sold for the nonpayment of taxes. In the same estate there may exist a fee-simple and life-interest, or a leasehold. The estate may have been mortgaged to' secure a debt, and judgment creditors may have liens upon it, and the land may be in the adverse possession of a stranger to the title, and whose possession may be ripened inte a right. Each is an owner according to the extent of his interest or claim, and each has a right to protect 'his interest by a redemption from the tax sale.” ILoiw the word “owner,” as applied to land, can be legitimately given a meaning sufficiently elastic and far-reaching as to include one who is a mere lien-holder and nothing more, is hard for us to understand. "We can understand why it has been given this construction, but we cannot understand 'how, with a due regard to the usual and well established import of the word, it can be so construed. So far as we have been able to discover, wherever the question of a mortgagee’s right to redeem lands sold for taxes has been made it has been decided in the affirmative. But the logical deduction from the opinion of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in McBride v. Hoey (2 Watts, 439), where the right of general judgment creditors to redeem, under a statute giving the right to the owner, was the question involved, is that if the mortgage is a mere security for a debt and conveys no title, the mortgagee cannot redeem. In some of the States where these decisions have been rendered, the terms used in the statute to designate the persons who may redeem are more comprehensive than the word “owner” and are sufficiently broad to include a mere lien-holder within their legitimate meaning. — 377 — In others the common law rule that a mortgage vests the legal title in the mortgagee, and gives him the right of immediate possession, unless the contract stipulates to the contrary, still prevails; and it is easy to see how a mortgagee may be held, in those States, to be entitled to redeem under a statute giving that right to the owner. In still other 'States, while the common law rule has been modified, some ¡sort of an estate is considered to be vested in the mortgagee. It is, however, undoubtedly true that in some jurisdictions where the common law idea of a mortgage has been completely abolished by statute and a mortgage is nothing but a lien to secure the payment of a debt, and where the right to redeem is simply conferred upon the “owner” of the land ¡sold for taxes, the word “owner” has been given a meaning .sufficiently elastic to include a mortgagee. Dubois v. Hepburn, decided by the Supreme Court of the Hnited States, and reported in 10 Pet. 1, is an early and leading case upon •the kind of construction which should be given to a statute .•authorizing the redemption of land sold for taxes, and it is one which has often been quoted from and followed by the highest courts in our different States. In that case that high court said, “A law authorizing the redemption of land so- sold ought to receive a liberal and benign construction in favor of those whose estates will be otherwise divested;” and that “any right which, in law or equity, amounts to an ownership in the land; any right of entry upon it, to its possession or enjoyment, or any part of it, which can be deemed an estate in it, makes the person the owner, so far as it is necessary to give him the right to redeem.” We think that' this is as liberal a construction as can be given to the word “owner” when applied to real estate, even when it is used in a redemption statute, without doing great violence to its ordinarily well understood and .accepted meaning. Let us take this most liberal construction •of the word, then, and apply it to the case in hand. A mortgage in Georgia, as we have seen, is only a security for a — 378 — debt and conveys no title. “The foreclosure of a mortgage,, in this State, does not vest the fee in the mortgagee; it only authorizes a sale of the property, and directs the surplus, after discharging the debt, to be paid to the mortgagor or his agent.” Winter v. Garrard, 7 Ga. 183; Civil Code, §2751. The mortgagee has no “right which, in law or equity, amounts to an ownership in the land; he has no right of entry upon it, to its possession or enjoyment, or any part of' it, which can be deemed an estate in it. ITe has neither possession, nor color of title. Tie has neither a present, nor a contingent, right of entry upon it. He has simply a lien upon it, to secure the payment of a debt. As a mere mortgagee, he can show no. “connection with the title, past or present, by deed, descent, contract, or possession.” So long as the condition of the contract remains unbroken, he can do nothing whatever with reference to the mortgaged premises; and when the comdiitan is broken, .all he can do is to enforce, not-a title, not a right of possession, but a lien upon the land, and this lien can only be enforced by having the land sold at public outcry, where any other person desiring to purchase it has as much right to do so as the mortgagee. He is in no legitimate sense of the word “the owner” of the mortgaged property. He is no more “the owner,” or an owner, than a judgment creditor, although the hardship of having his lien divested by a sale for taxes is greater than could befall a judgment creditor by such a sale of land belonging to his debtor, because the lien of the mortgagee exists only on the mortgaged property, and it was probably the creation of this lien which induced him to pant with the money or property which it was given to secure. If he can be considered “the owner” of the particular land upon which he holds a mortgage, because of the lien which he has upon it, then the judgment creditor is “the owner” of all the property of his debtor, because he holds a lien upon all of it. And, as we have said, there are cases which go to this extreme. Taking the allegations in the petition — 379 — to be true (and for the purposes of the demurrer they are-admitted), the case which we have under consideration forcibly illustrates the hardship to which a mortgagee, without fault on his part, may be subjected, by reason of the-sale of the mortgaged premises for the non-payment of taxes, unless he has the right to redeem them from such a sale. From the allegationsin the petition, it would be a great hardship upon Mrs. Stanley, the petitioner, who took a mortgage-upon this land, to secure the payment of a note for $2,200, executed by the mortgagor .at the same time of the mortgage,, if her lien upon the land should be destroyed by the tax sale, and she should thus lose the amount, of money represented by the principal of this note and the accumulated interest' thereon. But if this were to be the inevitable result of our holding, as we- do, that a mortgagee, in this State, has no-right to redeem the mortgaged premises from a sale thereof" for taxes, we should nevertheless feel constrained, by our views of the law, to make this ruling. For we are not hereto judicially amend the- law in order to mitigate or remove-its severity in a given case, but we are here to construe it as it has been made by the lawm’aking power. While we are-not bound by the- construction which the legislature may have put upon an existing law, when it sought to amend it, it is still worthy of notice that the General Assembly in 1879 thought it necessary to amend the redemption statute, which then simply provided that “the owner” might redeem, by adding thereto, as designating persons who may redeem, the-words, “executor, administrator, guardian or other trustee -of the defendant in execution.” Perhaps this amendment was not absolutely necessary in order to accomplish the-purposes which were apparently in view, but it shows that it was at least considered doubtful, in the then state of the statute, whether even a legal representative of the owner* could redeem. Here was an opportunity for the legislature, whose attention was called to the limitations of the statute,. — 380 — •&) have enlarged it so that a mortgagee, or lien-holder, would be embraced within its terms, but it did. not see fit to do so. 2. ^Fortunately for the mortgagee, there is a point in the case upon which the decision of the court below, in overruling the demurrer to her petition, should be sustained. Her equitable petition alleged, among other things, that a tax execution, for $39.67, had been levied upon a tract of land, comprising 371 acres, worth $3,000, that the land had been sold thereunder, and that the same was easily capable of subdivision, so that a parcel thereof could readily have been cut off, without detriment to the remainder, sufficient in value to have produced said taxes, without a levy having been made upon the whole. She prayed that said levy .should be decreed to be excessive, illegal and void, and that the sale thereunder be set aside. Taking these recitals to be true, she is here standing upon solid ground. This court held, in the case of Brinsoni v. Lassiter, 81 Ga. 40, that '“The levy of a tax execution for $3.60 on one hundred .acres of land, worth $1,200, is such a fraud on the law as ho render the sale void, at the option of the land-owner, and . a deed made in pursuance of such a levy and sale is void on its face, if it show the fact of such excessive levy.” In Morris v. Davis, 75 Ga 169, it was held that “When a piece of property consisted of two separate portions, derived from different titles, one embracing a front of twenty-seven feet on a street in a city, and the other a front of twenty-five feet, and either would have brought more than the taxes, $400 having been given for one of them, it was excessive to levy on and sell the entire property together for •some fifty dollars taxes.” And in the opinion of the court, •on page 174, it is said, the sale was void because of the excessive levy. See also Parker v. Glenn, 72 Ga. 644. The : Supreme Oourt of Iowa decided that “Where land appraised .at $800 was levied upon and sold, to satisfy a judgment for .$21 and accrued costs of less than that sum,” the levy was •excessive, and that “the sale should be set aside on that — 381 — ground, without further proof.” Cook v. Jenkins, 30 Ia. 452. In Tiernan v. Wilson, 6 Johns. 411, Chancellor Kent set aside, as fraudulent and void in law, a sale of the defendant’s interests in two distinct l'ots, worth at the lowest calculation nearly $800, under an execution for $10.25. He-said, “Such a sale carries an abuse on the very face of it and leads to the most oppressive speculation,” and that “it was a perversion of the spirit and policy of the power with which the sheriff was invested.” In Cornelius V. Burford, 28 Tex. 209, it is said that there cannot be any doubt “that a sale of’ property so- disproportioned in value to the amount to be-raised as to create the presumption of fraud or reckless indifference to the obligations of his trust on the part of the-officer, would be void.” So we say, that-the levy of a tax-execution calling for less than forty dollars upon 371 acres.of land, which is worth $3,000, and is easily capable of subdivision, is so grossly excessive and oppressive as to be fraudulent in law, and a sale of the property to satisfy said fi. fa. is void. This is true even though there may be a mortgage-upon the land for over two thirds of its value, because the sale of the land for taxes divests the lien of the mortgage. As against a general demurrer, therefore, the allegations of fact with reference to the levy upon and the sale of the property, in the present case, were sufficient to show an excessive levy and a void sale. 3. The principal and interest due the petitioner and secured by her mortgage amounted to nearly the- alleged' value of the land. She had a right to invoke the aid of' equity in order to have the sale of the land under the levy of the tax execution set aside and the deed made in pursuance thereof declared to be void. She is vitally interested’ in having removed anything that will, naturally, injuriously affect the value- of the land at public sale under a foreclosure-of her mortgage, so that the land may bring its fair valuation. Irrespective, therefore, of the question ruled upon in the first head-note, the plaintiff’s petition set forth an equi — 382 — table cause of action, and 'the trial judge was right in overruling a general demurrer to the same. Judgment affirmed. All the J ustices concurring.