Draper, Moore & Co. v. Macon Dry Goods Co.

Lewis, J. The contract, which is the basis of the plaintiff’s action in this case, is such a one as the statute of frauds requires to be in writing. Civil Code, §2693, 7. Inasmuch as the declaration did not disclose the fact that the contract was in writing, counsel for defendant in error contended that the court did not err in dismissing the same upon demurrer." Neither the petition nor the amendment thereto sets forth whether or not the contract was in writing; hence the question arising in this case is: Does the law of pleading require the plaintiff who brings an action on such a contract to allege in his petition that the same was in writing? The defense of the statute of frauds, like that of a plea of usury, is in the nature of a personal privilege, of which the defendant can avail himself or not, as he sees proper. Such defenses are not usually a subject-matter of demurrer, hut of pleading and proof. Where the statute, in derogation of the common law, requires certain contracts to be executed in a prescribed manner in order to be binding upon the parties, the law will not presume, in the absence of proof, that either party has violated the statute. In the case of Long v. Lewis, 16 Ga. 154, the suit was upon a contract embraced within the provisions of the statute upon the subject of written agreements. Neither the declaration nor the proof showed whether or not the promise relied on for a recovery was in writing. A motion for nonsuit was made, and this court decided that the same was properly overruled. On page 162 Benning, J., delivering the opinion, said: “As to the first ground, it is sufficient to say, that it does not appear, from the declaration or the proof, that the contract was not in writing. The contract may have been in writing. And as an illegal act is not to be presumed, it is not to be presumed that the contract was not in writing.” We quote the following from the opir [664] ion delivered by the same judge in the case of Printup v. Johnson, 19 Ga. 75 : “If the agreement was such a one that it was required to be in writing by the statute of frauds, then it is to be presumed, until the contrary be shown, that the agreement was in writing; for it is, in general, to be presmned, until something to the contrary be shown, that no man does what the law forbids, or what the law declares shall be invalid.” In the case of Piercy v. Adams, 22 Ga. 109, the question we are now considering was directly decided in the following language: “Bill to enforce contract concerning an interest in lands, not demurrable because it does not state whether the contract was or was not in writing.” It is true, in the case of Logan v. Bond, 13 Ga. 192, a contrary rule was applied where it was sought to engraft a parol trust upon a deed, and it did not appear upon the face of the bill that the agreement sought to be enforced was verbal only. The court in that case recognized the doctrine at common law, but said that it was otherwise in this State, where the cause of action is required to be “plainly, fully, and distinctly set forth.” Perhaps the distinction between this case and the others above cited grows out of the fact that the acts involved in the last were valid at common law, but they were regulated as to the mode of performance by the statute. In Stephen on Pleading, *374, that author declares that in such a case it is only necessary to use such allegation as was required before the statute. The same author (*375) quotes from 1 Saund. 276 d. e. n. (2), as follows: “Where a thing is originally made by act of parliament, and required to be in writing, it must be pleaded with all the circumstances required by the act; as in the case of a will of lands it must allege to have been made in writing; but where an act makes writing necessary to a matter where it was not so at the common law, as where a lease for a longer term than three years is required to be in writing by the statute of frauds, it is not necessary to plead the thing to be in writing, though it must be proved to be so in evidence.” But whether the case in the 13 Ga. is in conflict with the others or not, from the utterances and repeated rulings of this court made after the decision rendered in that case, we are unavoidably led to the conclusion [665] that the law announced in the headnote which precedes this opinion may be regarded as a well-established rule of pleading in this State. In the case of Turner v. Stewart Mercantile Co., 94 Ga. 468, is embodied the idea that where the statute of frauds is relied upon as a defense, it should be pleaded, and can not be taken advantage of after verdict. The decisions of our court upon the subject are sustained by an unbroken line of authority, from some of which we will now proceed to quote: “It is now well settled in this country, that in a suit at law or in equity upon a contract affected by the .statute, the declaration or bill will be sufficient if it allege a ■contract generally, without stating whether it is in writing or not.” Browne on the Statute of Frauds, § 505. The same ■author, in section 505 a., states that the general tendency of judicial opinion in England has been against the sufficiency of a bill in equity unless it alleged that the agreement was in writing. He adds, however, “At law, on the other hand, the rule in England has been (as both in equity and at law in this country), that it is sufficient since the statute, as it was before, to allege an agreement generally, which throws it on the defendant to allege that it is not in writing.” Bliss on Code Pleading, § 312, after quoting the text from Stephen above cited, says: “The rule as thus given by Mr. Stephen referred ■especially to contracts and conveyances required by the statute of frauds to be in writing; and, under it, it was held to be sufficient to charge the defendant’s liability as.before its adoption, leaving it to be pleaded, or, if the contract be denied, to be enforced in submitting evidence. Thus, the statute, instead of affecting the statement of the facts constituting the cause of action, although an additional fact was rendered necessary, only required the party to show, upon the trial, that he had complied with it.” 1 Estee’s Pleadings, §320, declares: “In pleading a contract which the statute of frauds requires to be in writing, e. g., a contract relating to lands, it is not necessary to allege the facts relied on to take the case out of the statute. It is sufficient on demurrer to allege that a contract was made. Such an allegation is to be understood as intending a real contract — something, which the law would recognize as such. [666] There is no reason for departing, under the code, from the former well-settled rules in law and equity. The existence of a writing in such case is a matter of evidence; it is not one of the pleadable facts.” “Thus, a complaint upon an undertaking to answer for the debt of a third person is good, though it does not allege that either the promise or the consideration was in writing.” See also 8 Am. & Eng. Enc. L. 745, and cases cited. Applying these well-established principles to the facts in this case, it follows that the court erred in sustaining the demurrer. Judgment reversed. All the Justices concurring, except Lumpkin, P. J., and Cobb, J, who were disqualified.