Holleman & Son v. Bradley Fertilizer Co.

Lewis, J. The following is the written contract declared upon by plaintiff below in its amended petition, and which was introduced on the trial of the case: “Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. “This agreement made this 13th day of March, 1888, between Bradley Fertilizer Company of Boston, Mass., and G. T. Holleman <k Son of Lamar’s Mill, Upson- Co-., Ga., witnesseth, — 159 — that said Bradley Fertilizer Company hereby.-agrees to supply said G. T. Holleman & Son with a limited quantity of fertilizer ■ for sale by them during the season of 1887 and 1888, upon fol- • lowing terms and conditions: The fertilizers to be delivered F. O. B. cars at Butler, Ga., viz.: 12 tons,Sea Fowl Guano at 26 - dollars per ton 2,000 lbs., which price ns-.to-.be net to the Brad-ley Fertilizer Co., exclusive of all charges-and commissions. A complete statement of the season’s sales with,a list of the pur-. chaser’s names in full is to be furnished"said Bradley Fertilizer • Co. by said G. T. Holleman & Son, not .later,-than May 1,1888., Settlement is to be made- on or before May.-l; .1888, for all said fertilizer sold to date of settlement by said G. T. Holleman &. Son, by note or notes of said G. T. Holleman & Son. maturing-not later than November 15, 1888,.and payable at Macon, Ga.,. without any expense whatever of remittance to said Bradley - Fertilizer Company. The specific cash, checks, notes, liens, and; other obligations received from time to time-by said G. T. Hollé- ■ man & Son in payment for or on account of said goods sold by • them are tobe so and held in trust’for the Bradley Fertilizer - Co. and forwarded to said Company not later than May 1st, 1888, to secure the payment of note or.-notes of said G. T. Holleman & Son. All checks, notes, liens,.and other obligations so-received are to be guaranteed by said'G. T: Holleman & Son, and, if returned to or left with them for • collection, are, with the proceeds, to be at all times the property of the -Bradley Fer-. tilizer Company, until the note or • notes of- said G. T. Holleman & Son are paid in full. Said notes of G. T. .Holleman & Son must be met at maturity, and their prompt payment must. not depend upon the collections-of i the notes-or accounts of the-persons who have purchased said-fertilizer. Saicbfertilizers until sold are the property of the Bradley Fertilizer-Co., and any part thereof unsold on May 1st next--is to-be subject to their-order, but the said G. T. Holleman & Son hereby agree to keep - them well sheltered and ’to-ha-ld the same free of all charges and. storages. [Signed] Bradley ■ Fertilizer Company, by F. M: Johnson, Jr., Agent. G. T. Holleman & Son, Lamar’s Mills, Ga. Shipping Point, Butler, Ga.. — 160 — “Subject to approval of home office. 36 tons to date, Mch. 21, 1887. Freight from Pensacola, per ton, $4.44.” 1. In several of the grounds of the motion for a new trial, error is assigned on the construction of the above contract given by the judge in his charge to the jury. On this point the court charged the jury that the contract meant that Holleman & Son were the agents of the Bradley Fertilizer Company; that the contract constituted Holleman & Son agents of the company to sell a certain specific amount of guano at a certain specified price, and that, under and by virtue of the terms of that contract, title never passed out of the Bradley Fertilizer Company until it was disposed of by, their agents to the consumers. Counsel for plaintiffs in error contend that this was an erroneous construction of the contract; that the stipulations entered into between the parties constituted Holleman & Son purchasers of the goods from the company, and that therefore, when the goods were, delivered to them, title passed out of the company and vested in them. We think the court was right in its ruling upon the subject. Manifestly, under the terms of the contract, Holleman & Son were under no obligation to the company, and had incurred no liability, until they had made sale of the goods to third parties; and, until this sale was made, the title to the property remained in the company. If there were any doubt about what the real intention of the parties was, under the terms of the contract, down to'the last sentence, that sentence clearly removes all ambiguity in stipulating that “Said fertilizers until sold are the property of the Bradley Fertilizer Company, and any part thereof unsold on May 1st next is to be subject to their order.” ■ The case of Snelling v. Arbuckle, 104 Ga. 362, is cited by counsel for plaintiff in error to sustain their contention. By a comparison of the contract in that case with the one now under consideration a very marked difference will appear. It appears there that the consignee of the goods not only guaranteed the sale of each consignment, but agreed to pay for the goods at a definite time named, regardless of the fact whether he had made any sale thereof or not. Other distinctions could be drawn, but this one — 161 — is quite sufñcieñt to show that the case above cited has no application to the issue in the record before us. 2. In the motion for new trial error is alleged in the charge of the court, to the effect that if Holleman & Son, by reason of the fact that they had sold the guano, and parties had refused to pay for it on the ground that it was not tagged and branded, had turned over the notes they had received with all the cash they had received thereon, and had made an effort to collect the same, and had failed to do so because the guano was not tagged and branded, the company would only be entitled to a judgment against them for the amount actually collected, and if Holleman & Son turned the notes over to the company that they had failed to collect for this reason, then Holleman & Son would have been discharged ; but if they took these notes and collected thqm and took the money and kept it, then the company would be entitled to a judgment against them for whatever amount may have been retained in their hands unaccounted for to the company. And, in refusing to charge, as requested, that “No rights can arise to either party out of an agency created for an illegal purpose; and for a principal to furnish his agent guano to be sold in Georgia, which has not been inspected, branded or tagged, is to furnish the same for an illegal purpose, and the courts will not help or aid either party in a suit by either against the other respecting the liabilities of either to the other growing out of said contract.” It was contended by counsel for plaintiffs in error, that' even if the relation of principal and agent existed between the parties, this agency was created for an illegal purpose, that both are at fault, and the courts will not help either in a suit by one against the other, based upon such an illegal contract. The reply to this contention is, that this suit was not based upon an illegal ' contract, nor was it an effort to enforce a contract executed for an illegal purpose. There is nothing upon the face of the contract itself to indicate that it was the purpose of the company to have the agents sell its fertilizers in violation of the law requiring an i nspection, branding and tagging of the same. There is nothing in the testimony outside of the contract to indicate such a purpose. On the contrary it was shown that there was — 162 — simply an omission to tag and brand a portion of -the fertilizers shipped by the company to its consignees, and the company afterwards telegraphed .to them .to hold these goods that were not branded until the same could be inspected and tagged, etc. It happened that the telegram was received too late as to some of the goods which had been sold to farmers by the agents. Was it not the duty of the agents themselves, when they saw the statute had not been complied with as to some of the fertilizers, either to have had the fertilizers tagged, etc., or to have informed their principal of the omission, and not to have sold the goods in violation of the law? We infer frpm the record that it was evidently not the purpose of the company to ignore the statute, and its violation was really the act of their agents. They were at least particeps criminis; and ordinarily in such cases agents will not he heard to set up their own wrong and illegal conduct in violating the law, as a defense to an action for money they have actually collected for their principal. There was evidently no violation of the statute upon delivery of the goods to these agents by their principal; for, as before seen, this was not a sale. Besides, the record shows the company was located in Boston, Mass.; and the inference is, the fertilizers were shipped from there to Georgia. The goods could not have been properly inspected and tagged till they reached this State. Hammond v. Wilcher, 79 Ga. 421. It follows, therefore, that there was no violation of the law, before the goods reached the agents; and. they were really the violators of the statute, by making sale of goods before the law had been complied with. It appears from the testimony that some of the purchasers of this guano were introduced as witnesses, who testified that the same was not tagged or branded, but who nevertheless waived any defense they might have had growing out of this fact, and voluntarily paid the purchase-price of. the goods to these agents. The purchasers had a right to make this waiver. They had the right, in spite of the violation of the law, to have paid the money, and when such a payment is made voluntarily, and without protest or compulsion, it could not be recovered back even by the purchaser without some special statute authorizing its recovery. When the money — 163 — went into the hands of the agents, it was manifestly not their property. It had ceased to be the property of the purchaser, and it necessarily follows that it belonged to the principal. I)i the case of Ingram v. Mitchell, 30 Ga. 547, it was decided: “Where an agent receives money for h’is principal upon an illegal contract, he can not avail himself of that defense in an action brought against him by the principal for money had and received to the plaintiff’s use, especially when those who paid over the money to the agent do not desire that he should retain it. When money is actually paid over upon'an illegal contract, it is clear that it can not be recovered back, the contract being; executed, and both parties being in pari delicto. A party may, in some cases, be allowed to retain money which was due to him ex equo et bono, but which he could not have recovered at law; yet he never can be allowed to retain money to which he has no claim whatever against the true owner.” This decision was based upon the sale of a negro slave, made by an agent for the owner for the purpose of saving the slave’s life then endangered by a charge against him of a capital offense. The object of' the sale was evidently illegal; yet the agent, having actually sold the slave and received money for the principal, was held liable. See authorities cited in the opinion, collected by Lump-kin, J. This case is cited approvingly in Clarke v. Brown, 77 Ga. 610. In that case Chief Justice Jackson, delivering, the-opinion, says: “The agents can not set up the illegal contract, because they made it and got a consideration for using the money illegally, and are particeps criminis. Just as if it had been necessary for the- plaintiff — the principal — to use the illegal contract to recover the money, which would have been necessary had he sued for the profits of the venture, so it is illegal 'for the agents to úse it to defend the suit for money they have' belonging to the principal.” The case in 30 Ga., cited above, is much stronger than the one at bar, for invoking an illegal contract as a defense to an action. For in this case the illegal' contract was made by the agents themselves, who set it up as a defense, besides being fully executed .by the purchasers paying to the agents the money agreed on in the illegal contract. This-money the agents held in trust for their principal. — 164 — If the contention of plaintiffs in error be correct, then it would lead to results revolting to reason, and shocking to every sense of justice. If an agent can thus defend a suit for money so collected by him for his principal, it would follow that had the claims against the purchasers of this fertilizer been put in the hands of an attorney at law, and they had voluntarily paid him, waiving their defense growing out of a violation of the statute by the creditor, such attorney could pocket the money, appropriate it to his own use, and defend an action therefor by replying to-his client, “You have made an illegal contract, and though I have collected the money on it for you, I am released under the law from my obligation to pay it to you.” The charge of the court complained of in this case restricted the finding of the jury to such amounts as the testimony showed these agents had actually received for the sale of the goods. We think it quite as fair to the plaintiffs in error as could reasonably have-been expected, and if any error was committed, it was prejudicial to the Bradley Fertilizer Company. 3. Another ground in the motion for a new trial is alleged error of the court in overruling defendants motion to strike plaintiff’s amendment to the petition, declaring on the contract, and seeking to hold defendants liable to them under the contract as agents del credere, on the ground that the amendment made a different and new cause of action and new parties, or sought to make them liable in a different capacity from that set out in the original cause of action. Although this was called a “motion to dismiss the amendment,” it was, properly speaking, a demurrer to the amendment. There were no exceptions pendente lite filed to the judgment of the court overruling this demurrer, nor were any exceptions specifically taken thereto in the writ of error to this court. Under well-established rules of this court, such a question is not a subject-matter of review in a motion for a new trial. Shuman v. Smith, 100 Ga. 415. The rule in regard to demurrers to original petitions would apply with equal force to such objections when raised to an amendment to a petition. 4. The above deals with most of the various grounds in the amended motion for a new trial, and covers all the points argued — 165 — or presented to this court for review by counsel for plaintiffs in error. We therefore, according to previous rulings of this court, treat the silence of the attorneys for plaintiffs in error on other questions made in the record as an abandonment of these grounds in their motion. Such a construction is particularly applicable, to this case; for, upon an examination of the remaining grounds of the motion, we think they are void of all merit. The principles decided in the first two headnotes are really upon the controlling issues in the case. Judgment affirmed. A ll the Justices concurring,'except Simmons, C. J., disqiialified, and Little, J., absent.