Central of Georgia Ry. Co. v. Brandenburg

Cobb, P. J. (After stating the facts.) The special demurrer to the petition, as amended, raises numerous questions. We all ■agree that some of the grounds of the special demurrer were not well taken. We are not agreed as to the proper decision of other — 118 — questions raised by tbe demurrer. Those matters upon which we are agreed and which require special notice will be first dealt with. The special demurrer raises objection that the mere allegation that the deceased was free from fault is too general, and that the facts which show such freedom from fault should have been set out. In Allen v. Augusta Factory, 82 Ga. 76 (8 S. E. 68), Mr. Chief Justice Bleckley said: “The allegation that the deceased was without fault is too general and too much in the nature of a legal conclusion to serve as a substituto for the proper allegation of his want of knowledge.” It is to be noted that in that case-freedom from fault depended largely upon want of knowledge on the part of the plaintiff, and of course this was a matter peculiarly within the knowledge of the plaintiff himself, and therefore he should not be allowed to place himself behind merely a general allegation when it was so easy for him to make a specific averment. In the case of Central R. Co. v. Hubbard, 86 Ga. 623 (12 S. E. 1020), and Georgia R. Co. v. Rayford, 115 Ga. 937 (42 S. E. 234), it was held that as against a general demurrer an allegation that the plaintiff was without fault was sufficient. See,, in this connection, Pierce v. Seaboard Air-Line Ry., 122 Ga. 664 (50 S. E. 468). It is to be noted that in all of these cases the-suit was by an employee or the widow of an employee against the master, Where a servant brings suit against a master to recover on account of an injury resulting from defective machinery, it is necessary to allege and prove that the defect was known to-the master or should have been so known by the use of ordinary-care, and that it was unknown to the employee, and that he had not equal means of knowing the danger. Civil Code, §2612. If the suit is by a railroad employee for a personal injury arising-from the acts of fellow-servants, negligence on the part of the-other employees and freedom from negligence on his own are both necessary, and these must be alleged. Civil Code, §2323. In these cases absence of knowledge or negligence is a .part of the plaintiff’s case, and must be alleged as such. But generally in. other cases where suit is brought by one against a railroad company to recover for a personal injury, the plaintiff is not bound to allege his own freedom from fault. Want of ordinary care- . on his part is a matter of defense. Its negation is not essential to setting out the plaintiff’s case. This being so, if the plaintiff — 119 — does allege that he was free from fault, such allegation is not subject to demurrer on the ground that it is too general, and fails to set out how and wherein he was not negligent. If a cause of action is duly alleged against the defendant, entire freedom from fault is not necessary to a recovery. It is ‘only a failure to use ordinary care, where by such use the consequences of the defendant’s negligence could have been avoided, which will prevent a recovery. If entire freedom from fault on the plaintiff’s part is alleged, it is not necessary to prove it to make out a case in his favor. If, under the evidence, he is guilty of some negligence, but not enough to bar a recover} under the rule' above stated, there may be a recovery, but the damages would be diminished in proportion to the negligence attributable to each. The allegation of the greater (entire freedom from fault) includes the less (partial freedom from fault). It is not necessary, therefore, to allege in detail how, why, and wherein the plaintiff was entirely free from fault. Besides, when it is alleged that one is guilty of no negligence whatever, this negatives all possible negligence. And it is not necessary to recite in detail all possible acts of negligence which he might have .committed and then deny that he did each of such acts separately. To allege that one did nothing negligent is enough. It is not necessary to describe all possible negligence merely to deny that he committed it. So, if I should say that I did nothing, this would mean that I did not do anything or everything. It would not be any more complete if I should describe anything or everything and then add that I did not do it. In the present case the allegation that the deceased was free from fault was an unnecessary averment. As it was unnecessary, the defendant certainly had no right to require any elaboration of the averment or any more detail in reference tó the unnecessary allegation than the plaintiff saw fit to offer. If the case had been of a character where the averment was a necessary part of the plaintiff’s ease, then the defendant might have been entitled to more information as to the matter. The office of a special demurrer is to call for information which the defendant is entitled to have under the law. If the plaintiff makes an unnecessary allegation, the right of the defendant is generally either to have it stricken or require it to be proved, if the averment is 'of such a character as to be descriptive of the transaction in question. The — 120 — amendment to the petition contained a paragraph which alleged that the defendant was negligent “in failing to equip said train with brakes, or air-brakes, and other appliances necessary and requisite for the safe operation of such a train of cars and without which the employees and servants of such railway company could not have stopped said train after having become aware of the presence of the plaintiff’s husband upon said track in sufficient time to. have stopped said train of ears had they been properly equipped." This was sufficient to put the defendant on notice that the negligence claimed was the failure to equip its train with proper appliances for stopping the train, whatever those appliances might have been. It was notified that it would be required to defend this allegation of negligence in such way as to prove that the train was equipped with such appliances as reasonable diligence required it to use. Taking all of the averments together, the effect of the charge of negligence against the defendant was that the train was equipped in such way that it could not be controlled and managed in an emergency such as faced it at the time that the presence of the deceased upon the •track was discovered. The averments were sufficient to put the defendant on notice of what it was to answer; and if the train was equipped in the manner that the diligence required by law demanded, it could easily meet the charge of negligence referred to. The manner in which the train was equipped was more peculiarly within its own knowledge than the knowledge of the plaintiff, and the details as'to the equipment come more properly from it in response to the charge of negligence than they would from the plaintiff in the specification of negligence. On the remaining questions which will be specially dealt with we are not agreed; and the views of the majority of the court will be stated as well as the views of the dissenting members. The special demurrer to the petition as amended raises the question that -it did not show whether the deceased was walking, sitting, standing or lying upon the track, nor did it show any duty of diligence on the part of the defendant to the plaintiff’s husband, nor what degree of diligence was owed, nor did it appear that the plaintiff’s husband was at or upon a public-road crossing or so near thereto as rendered the failure on the part of the defendant to observe the statutory signals required at such places negligence — 121 — on its part relatively to the deceased, nor did it show by what right or in what capacity the deceased was upon the track at the time of the alleged injury. The views of the majority of the court on these matters are thus stated by them: In the second paragraph of the original petition it was alleged that the plaintiff’s husband was killed by the careless and negligent running of the locomotive and cars of the defendant company, and‘in the fourth paragraph thereto it was alleged that he was wrongfully and wantonly run over and killed by the locomotive and cars of the defendant company. On the first trial of the case the special demurrers to the petition were overruled by the trial judge,, and his judgment, in this respect, was reversed by this court in Kemp v. Central Ry. Co., 122 Ga. 559 (50 S. E. 465), because the petition did not show, (1) whether the deceased was an employee, licensee, or trespasser, (2) whether the homicide was at a public crossing or at a point distant therefrom, or (3) whether the deceased was walking, standing, of lying on the track, and, if the latter, whether he was there voluntarily or because of some sudden access of sickness. In the amendment to the petition, filed before the remittitur was entered in the trial court, it was alleged that the homicide of the plaintiff’s husband was caused by the negligent, reckless, and wanton acts of the agents and employees of the defendant company in the running of its locomotive and ears, which acts were, in a loose and general way, sought to be set out in the amendment. It is clear to our minds that the plaintiff did not intend, by the various allegations of negligence set forth in the amendment, to limit her alleged right to recover to a case wherein she relied solely upon the alleged wanton homicide of her husband, but she evidently endeavored to set out acts of negligence on the part of the defendant and its employees which caused the death of her husband, and which did not amount to wantonness, and upon which she relied for recovery. This being true, the amended petition was as much subject to special demurrer as the original petition, for failing to show by what right, or in what capacity, the plaintiff’s husband was at or upon the defendant’s railroad track at the time he was killed, whether the homicide was at a public crossing, and whether he was walking, standing, or lying upon the track. The rulings made in this case when it was formerly before this court are the law of this case and must control it. — 122 — Mr. Justice Atkinson and I can not agree to this view. In our opinion the petition is not subject to the objections referred to in the views of the majority above set forth. In the petition as it originally stood, it was material for the defense that there should be some information given by the pleader as to the position of the deceased on the track, but, under the amendment, this-becomes no longer material. It is distinctly alleged that the servants in charge of the train had notice that the deceased was upon the track and that by the exercise of ordinary care they could have avoided killing him. The effect of the allegations is th^t they knew of his presence and used no effort whatever to prevent injury to him. If this was true, his death was the result of a, wanton act. Forrest v, Ga. R. Co., 128 Ga. 77 (57 S. E. 98) ¿ and cit.. If the allegations of the petition as to the manner in which the -deceased was killed are' true, the defendant would be-liable without reference to his position upon the track at the time of his death- The petition, in effect, charged that the agents and servants of the railway company wantonly and wilfully killed the deceased after they knew that he was upon the track in a place of danger. To say that this allegation is defective, for the reason that it did not allege whether he was walking, standing, or lying down, would be the equivalent of holding that an indictment for murder, which charged that the accused, with malice aforethought, did kill and murder a named person, was subject to special demurrer upon the ground that it did not appear whether he was walking, standing, or lying down at the time he was slain. The amendment alleged that the defendant was negligent because “the-locomotive and cars of said defendant company which ran over and killed the plaintiff’s husband were old and worn out and improperly equipped'and not suited for the purpose for which they were used by said company, rendering them incapable of being managed or controlled in a way calculated to maintain the safety ©f the public, and in such a way as to have saved the life of the¡ said Kemp even when his presence on the track and his imminent danger of being killed became known to the servants of said company on said train, and sufficient time before he was struck to have saved his life had said locomotive and cars been such as were reasonably suited for the purpose for which they were used,, namely, that of a passenger-train.” We do not agree as to the — 123 — proper construction of this paragraph. The majority of the court are of the opinion that, properly construed, the paragraph contains a general allegation .that the defendant was negligent in reference to the entire equipment of the train, and that when so construed the allegation is too general under the former rulings of this court. See Hudgins v. Coca Cola Co., 122 Ga. 695 (50 S. E. 974), and cit.; Seaboard Air-Line Ry. v. Olsen, 123 Ga. 612 (51 S. E. 591); Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Cody, 119 Ga. 371 (46 S. E. 429); Russell v. Central Ry. Co., 119 Ga. 705 (46 S. E. 858). Mr. Justice Atkinson and I are of the opinion that the paragraph, properly construed, is not an allegation of- negligence as to the equipment generally, but that it is a specific allegation that the train was not equipped with appliances necessary to stop the same. The majority think that the special demurrer should, have been sustained; bnt Mr. Justice Atkinson and I are of contrary views, for the reasons stated. The numerous other grounds ¡of special demurrer do not require any special notice. We are all of the opinion that they are without merit. Judgment reversed. Fish, C. J., and Lumpkin and Beck, JJ., concur. Cobb, P. J., and Atkinson, J., dissent. Evans, J., disqualified.