Russell v. Equitable Loan & Security Co.

Atkinson, J. This is a suit for the recovery of the amount • promised to be paid according to express stipulations by the Equitable Loan & Security Company, made in its certificates known as “ Class A.” There were no allegations in the plaintiff’s petition showing the character of the company’s business, its charter powers, the purpose of its organization, its assets or liabilities, or manner of transacting business. The petition consisted of a full recital of the contents of the certificates sued upon, and allegations to the effect that the plaintiff had paid the certificates to maturity in accordance with their stipulations, and that the company had refused payment in accordance with its promises. With nothing else appearing in the petition, the trial court sustained that ground of the defendant’s demurrer in which the position was taken that the petition showed upon its face that the certificates declared upon were in the nature of a lottery, and for that reason were contrary to public policy, and collection could not be enforced. Exception was taken to that ruling, and we have nothing else for consideration. Similar certificates were involved in the case of Equitable — 160 — Loan & Security Company v. Waring, 117 Ga. 599, but for sufficient reasons this court, in express terms, eliminated class A certificates from the ruling therein made. See page 649. Certificates of classes A and B are set forth in the majority opinion in that case. A careful examination will show that the substantial difference between the two classes consists of a difference in arriving at redemption values to obtain in the event the company elects-to redeem before maturity. In class A the value is fixed at certain specifically named sums, if redeemed at certain times. See condition 3 in class A, page 644. In class B the values of redemption ■at specified times are not specifically named, but the method of ascertainment is given; that is to say, the redemption value at any given time before maturity is “the full amount of the first payment and all installments paid hereon, with interest on said amount at the rate of 8 per cent, per annum, and its proportionate-share of all dividends or accumulations from fines, lapses, and interest earned in excess of 8 per cent, per annum.” See condition 2 in class B, page 650. Dealing with this provision in class B-certificates, the majority, admitting for the sake of the argument that the element of chance entered into the certificates, for reasons fully set forth by Mr. Justice Cobb in the opinion, held that there was no element of prize, and consequently the certificates of that class were not unlawful. Chief Justice Simmons and Mr. Justice Lamar, dissenting, held that in class B as well as in class A certificates, under the evidence submitted, the element of prize and chance appeared, which rendered both classes obnoxious to the laws of this State. The court was unanimous in the conclusion that in order to render the certificates of either class lottery contracts and for that reason obnoxious to the laws of this State,, there must be somewhere in the enterprise a union of three elements, to wit, (a) consideration, (b) chance, (c) prize. The evidence is not before us, which in that case played an important part in inducing the conclusions expressed both in the majority and dissenting opinions. What we shall say will deal with the case on demurrer and refer strictly to the pleadings construed in the light of our statutes. The Penal Code of this State, §406, provides that “If any person, either by himself or his agent, shall sell or offer for sale, or procure for, or furnish to, any person any ticket, number, combination, or chance, or anything representing — 161 — a chance in any lottery, gift enterprise, or other similar scheme or device, whether such lottery, gift enterprise, or scheme shall be operated in this State or not, he shall be guilty of-a misdemeanor.” Section 407 provides that “No person, by himself, or another, •shall keep, maintain, employ, or carry on any lottery in this State, or other scheme or device for the hazarding of any money or valuable thing.” These statutes are. directed against lotteries, gift enterprises, or other similar schemes. In a lottery there must be union of the three elements, consideration, chance, and prize. Equitable Loan & Security Company v. Waring, 117 Ga. 599. A “gift enterprise” is a sporting artifice by which, for example, a merchant or tradesman sells his wares for their market value, but, by way of inducement, gives to each purchaser a ticket which entitles him to a chance to win certain prizes, to be determined after the manner of a lottery. See Meyer v. State, 112 Ga. 23. As the gift enterprise contemplates lottery, and lottery involves chance, it follows that the element of chance is an essential of a'gift enterprise. The expression “similar scheme,” as used in these statutes, necessarily refers to schemes like lotteries or gift enterprises, and consequently the element of chance is essential to their existence. These code sections are to be construed together, and the use of the word “hazard,” as employed in section 407, emphasizes the construction which we have given. If the contracts are not forbidden under the express terms or policy of those statutes, the court should not on account of them refuse, in a proper case, to require their enforcement. As “chance” is an essential element in either a “lottery,” “gift enterprise,” or “other similar scheme,” it is proper to inquire, what is chance as contemplated in these statutes? The chance here referred to is that chance which is employed in connection with lottery schemes, where the attempt is to attain certain ends, not by skill or any known or fixed rules, but by the happening of a subsequent event, incapable of ascertainment or accomplishment by means of human foresight or ingenuity. If the result in a given transaction could be accomplished or foretold by the exercise of skill or foresight, its ascertainment would not be attributed to chance, but to the exercise of skill and foresight, and consequently to design. Chance and design are exactly opposite, and the presence of either will exclude the other. Where design enters into a transaction, it immediately — 162 — partakes of the nature of contract and will be governed by other principles. In the gaming sense there is no chance whatever where either party has means of knowing the result at the inception of the wager. There may be fraud, but not chance. Such is the element of chance as contemplated in the statutes which we have quoted. The International Dictionary gives the general definition of chance as “the unknown or undefined cause of events that to us are uncertain or not subject to calculation; luck; fortune.” The Cyclopedia of Law & Procedure, vol. 6, p. 890, defines chance thus: “Possibility; hazard; risk; or the result or issue of uncertain and unknown conditions or forces neither understandingly brought about by one’s act nor pre-estimated by one’s understanding.” Illustrative of the definitions given, the case of Meyer ,v. State, supra, is in point. There a slot machine was employed. Whether a prize would be won or not depended upon an unknown display of cards which the. machine would make. In several of the eases cited in the opinion other devices were employed, but each was of such character as to eliminate the idea of arriving at the result by human design. So in the case of Horner v. U. S., 147 U. S. 449. That ease involved the sale of certain bonds issued by the Austrian government, which were to be paid at some period between one and thirty years after date, the date of payment to be ascertained by reference to the arbitrament of a wheel. In that case, the court, on page 462, approvingly quoted from Ballock v. State, 73 Md. 1, where it was said: “The investment may run one year, or it may run thirty years, according to' the decision of the wheel. It can not be said that this is not a species of gambling and that it does not tend in any degree to promote a gambling spirit and a love of making gain through the chance of dice, cards, wheel, or other method of settling a contingency.” It was not the mere contingency, but the method of settling the contingency, that introduced the objectionable element of chance. Wherever it is sought to employ the element of chance in any kind of lottery or gambling scheme, show is made of an attempt to displace the exercise of human design and employ in its stead some uncertain scheme or device, which, uninfluenced by any possible design of the parties, may, according to mere blind luck, designate a particular result. Inasmuch as chance is an element of lottery, we frequently find illustrations of the meaning — 163 — of chance made in the decision of lottery cases. The note found, on page 168, which follows the decision of the case of People v. Lavin, 1 Am. & Eng. An. Cas. 165, is in point. There it is said: “If success in a guessing contest depends upon an exercise of judgment and the power of calculation, there can be no lottery. Barclay v. Pearson (1893), 2 Ch. 154. Thus it has been held that a reward offered by a newspaper for the successful guessing of the winning horses in a race is not a lottery.. Caminada v. Hulton, 17 Cox C. C. 307; Stoddart v. Sagar (1895), 2 Q. B. 474. Neither is horseraeing for a stake a lottery. People v. Fallon, 152 N. Y. 12, affirming 4 N. Y. App. Div. 88; Matter of Dwyer (Supm. Ct. Spec. T.) 14 Misc. (N. Y.) 204. Similarly, betting on a horse-race or other contests of skill can not be considered a lottery. People v. Reilly, 50 Mich. 384, explained in People v. Elliott, 74 Mich. 264. Where a prize was to be awarded to the one who guessed the weight of a mass of soap, it was held that there was no lottery. Dunham v. St. Croix Soap Mfg. Co., 34 N. Bruns. 243. The offer of a prize for the most suitable name for a town, to be determined by a committee on its own judgment, has been held not to constitute a lottery. Holt v. Wood, 14 Pa. Co. Ct. 499. Whether the guessing in contests for prizes is dependent on skill , and judgment to such an extent as to remove the transaction from the realm of chance, must depend upon the circumstances of such case.” Applying the absence-of-human-design test to certificates of class A, what are the recitals of the certificates which affirmatively show the element of chance? It does not appear that the certificates were issued in the first instance in pursuance of any plan involving any kind of contingency or uncertainty. It does not appear how they were issued. In the absence of anything to shoyr affirmatively that the original holder obtained his certificates by any uncertain plan or other contingency, it will not be presumed that he did obtain them in such manner. It does not appear, therefore, that there was any chance involved in the issue of the certificates. If not issued in pursuance of a plan involving chance, the mere fact of the right of the company to redeem according to the table of multiples would not introduce the element of uncertainty. The holder of a given certificate designated by a number would know as certainly the order in which it would be paid un — 164 — der the table of multiples as if they were to be redeemed in numerical order. For example, the holder of certificate number 9 would know, from the express terms-of the certificate, that in the event the company should elect to call certificates for redemption, number 9 would be the third in order for redemption, just as he would have known that number 3 would have been third in order if the plan of redemption had been in numerical order. The redemption values at all periods of redemption are certain and stipulated. The holder has nothing to do in order to preserve the life of his certificate, except pay his dues at the several times specified. It does not appear that the company is dependent upon subscription or lapsing of other certificates for money with which to redeem. The company may employ certain portions of the money arising from subscriptions and lapses to the redemption of redeemable policies (see conditions numbers 2, 4, 6), but it nowhere appears that it is dependent upon that source of income. In the absence of something shown to the contrary, it will be presumed that the company has a legitimate business, and that its earnings from that business will authorize the payment of the redemption values promised to be paid. The recitals of the certificates are not such, upon the face, as to overcome that presumption. But it is insisted that the element of uncertainty is introduced by reason of the stipulations made in condition 5. For example, if there were no forfeitures or lapsing of any certificate, number 9 would be third in order for redemption, while if certificates numbers 1 and 3 should lapse, number 9 would be first in order. This presents only a contingency expressly created by contract and in full contemplation of the parties, and does not manifest that character of uncertainty 'which shows an absence of design. Forethought, consent, and design of the parties are manifest throughout the transaction. As a reasonable business proposition, the creation of the contingency and likewise its settlement were in advance expressly provided,for by contract. Not in any sense were the creation or settlement submitted to the arbitrament of a machine or any other mere scheme of uncertainty. If the contingency happens which was provided for by contract, which advances the order of redemption of a given certificate from a lower to a higher rank, there is nothing else to be done to accomplish the advancement; the advancement goes by force of the contract. Many forms — 165 — of insurance policies and other classes of contracts which are upheld everywhere may be found to embody stipulations as closely kindred to chance as the provisions of certificates of class A. The case of Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U. S. 497, involves a transaction which was held to be a lottery, Justice Peekham dissenting. In view of what has been said we do not deem it necessary to comment upon that ease. We only suggest that it is not controlling here, and that the decision there rendered was after a full hearing of all the facts, and not upon demurrer as in the present case. Thus far we have dealt only with the element of chance; and in order not to be misunderstood with respect to prize, we may, in the light of what has been said, make a few references to that element of a lottery. It is not mere value of the thing to be obtained that makes it a prize. Chance is a condition precedent to the existence of prize. A stipulation to 'furnish an article, however valuable, would not impress the article with the character of prize; the transaction would be merely contractual. But the same article, not obtained by stipulation, but through some scheme of mere chance, founded upon consideration, would impress the article with the character of prize. As the element of chance does not appear from the face of the pleadings, it follows that the element ■of" prize is also absent, so far as the pleadings disclose. The pleadings in the ease before us failing to show upon the face that the certificates involved the element of chance or prize, the court was not justified in dismissing the suit upon demurrer. I am authorized to say that Presiding Justice Cobb and Associate Justice Beck concur in the views above presented.