Roberts v. Tift

Fish, C. J. One of the assignments of error raises the question, whether the declaration in the fictitious form of ejectment, as used in this State, can be amended by laying'a new demise, when the only demise laid in the original declaration was in the name of a lessor who was dead at the time the. suit was brought. No ruling of a controlling nature has been made by this court on the question. In Neal v. Robertson, 18 Ga. 399, Starnes, J., used in an obiter dictum language strongly persuasive as to the right to make such amendment. While deciding that an amendment to a statutory action for land brought under the act of 1847, which proposed to insert other plaintiffs, was not allowable, he said: “The right to make the amendment moved in this ease has been put upon the ground of the practice which prevails in actions of ejectment at common law, of laying several demises in several’lessors. If this [903] were such a proceeding, there can be no doubt, that, under our laws as they now stand with respect to amendments, at any stage of the cause an amendment might be made, inserting a new demise and new lessors. But this would be permitted upon the principle which lies at the foundation of that proceeding, viz. :;thai John Doe is the real plaintiff; that he is the lessee or tenant of those in whom the demises are laid; and by reason of the fiction upon which the frame of the action rests, these lessors, instead of being different parties, are all in union of interest with the plaintiff. When, therefore, a recovery is had by and through the title of either of these lessors, that recovery is held to enure to the benefit of the plaintiff, John Doe, and through him it is supposed to operate for the benefit of that lessor who is the actual party in interest. So that when the writ of habere facias issues (though at the point of time when it becomes necessary to execute it the operation of the fiction ceases, and the sheriff is required to put the lessor, whose title is successful, in possession), it issues for the benefit.of the plaintiff, John Doe, or rather through him for the benefit of that lessor who is the real person in interest. Some courts have required, that the consent of all the lessors should be obtained before their names are used. In which event, this mutuality of interest is supposed to be rendered certain.” As a matter of practice there seems, heretofore, to have been no question as to the right to lay a new demise by amendment to a declaration in ejectment proper, where the sole lessor in the original declaration was dead when the action was brought. This practice was recognized in the following-cases: Roe v. Doe, 30 Ga. 873; Pollard v. Tait, 38 Ga. 439; Head v. Driver, 79 Ga. 179 (3 S. E. 621); Jones v. Johnson, 81 Ga. 293 (6 S. E. 181). In each of the cases just cited the Justice writing-the opinion noted the fact that the sole lessor in the original declaration was not in life when the action was begun; but there was no intimation that this fact would prevent the laying of a new demise in the name of another lessor. In Head v. Driver, supra, in which Chief Justice Bleckley wrote the opinion, all the demises were laid in the name of a person dead at the commencement of the suit; the plaintiff offered an amendment, not laying a new demise or alleging a new lessor, but setting up an additional fact as to the. merits of the case. In the concluding portion of the opinion the Chief Justice dealt with this proposed amendment, not by showing904 that.th.e amendment laying a new demise was not permissible, bnt that the amendment offered would not have helped the plaintiff, or prevented a nonsuit, if it had been allowed. This court has frequently decided that a suit can be maintained only by or in behalf -of a natural or artificial person, and that where an action is instituted by one not having capacity to sue, the proceeding is a' mere nullitjq and contains nothing to amend by. Mutual Life Company v. Inman Park Church, 111 Ga. 677 (36 S. E. 880), and cases cited; Wynn v. Richard Allen Lodge, 115 Ga. 796 (42 S. E. 29); Western & Atlantic R. Co. v. Dalton Marble Works, 122 Ga. 774 (50 S. E. 978). And see Clark v. Wyche, 126 Ga. 24, 26 (54 S. E. 909). It has also been ruled in several cases by this court that there can be no recovery in ejectment proper, where the sole lessor of the plaintiff was dead when the suit was brought. Head v. Driver, supra, citing Jones v. Tarver, 19 Ga. 280 (6); Goodtitle v. Roe, 20 Ga. 135; Watson v. Tindal, 24 Ga. 494 (5), 503 (71 Am. D. 142); Doe v. Lewis, 29 Ga. 45 (2). It is also the rule that if the lessor of the plaintiff in ejectment had no title at the commencement of the action, the plaintiff can not recover on that demise. Hobby v. Bunch, 83 Ga. 1 (3); Suwannee Turpentine Co. v. Baxter, 109 Ga. 597 (35 S. E. 142). And the same is true if the plaintiffs lessor had no title at the date of the demise. Scisson v. McLaws, 12 Ga. 166; Foster v. Stapler, 64 Ga. 766. Moreover, the rule is that “No amendment adding a new and distinct cause of action, or new and distinct parties, shall be allowed, unless expressly provided by law.” Civil Code (1910), § 5685. This, so far as we know, has ever been the rule of practice in this State, at least since the adoption of the Code of 1863. See § 3411 of that code. Notwithstanding the doctrines, that no action can be maintained except in the name of a natural or artificial person; that there can be no recovery in ejectment where the sole lessor of the plaintiff was dead when the suit was brought, or at the date of the demise, or had no title at the date of the demise or at the commencement of the action; and that no amendment is allowable at law which adds a new party or a new cause of action, it has ever been the practice in this State to allow, by amendment at any time before the trial, the introduction of a new lessor of the plaintiff in the action of ejectment proper. Pollard v. Tait, 38 Ga. 439; Jones v. Johnson, supra. Although every demise of this character [905] introduces a new party to the suit, as well as a new cause of action. Ib.; Burbage v. Fitzgerald, 98 Ga. 582 (25 S. E. 554). It has been held, moreover, that where the sole lessor of the plaintiff in the action of ejectment dies pending the suit, the case may proceed to trial for the recovery of costs. Watson v. Tindal, Doe v. Lewis, supra. Furthermore, this court has subscribed to the doctrine, “that if the plaintiff is entitled to the possession of the premises, at the time the demise is laid, it- will be sufficient, although his right of possession be divested before the trial; for the action of ejectment is intended to give the party compensation for the trespass as well as to enable him to recover possession of the land, and he has the right to proceed for such trespass although his right to the possession should cease.” Harris v. Cannon, 6 Ga. 382, 389, citing Adams on Ejectment, 33. If the nominal plaintiff in the action of ejectment, proper, is a sufficient legal entity to authorize the continuance of the action in his name for the recovery of costs where his sole lessor dies pending the suit, and if the action may proceed in his name for the trespass, where his sole lessor was entitled to the possession of the premises at the time the demise was laid, although his right of possession be divested before trial, it would certainly seem to be true that the fictitious plaintiff is a sufficient legal entity to authorize a new demise to be laid by amendment, where the sole lessor in the original declaration was dead at the commencement of the suit. Moreover, if a suit in ejectment, proper, can be well brought in the name of a fictitious plaintiff upon the demise of a living lessor who had no title at the time the demise was laid, or who had parted with the title prior to the commencement of the suit, and an amendment can be made upon the trial by laying a new demise from a lessor who had title at the time of the new demise, and at the time the suit was brought, which under our practice is certainly allowable, no good reason occurs to us why a new demise may not be laid by amendment in the name of a lessor having title and the right of possession at the time of the laying of such new demise and at the time of the commencement of the action, although the sole lessor in the original declaration was dead at the time the suit was brought. Our conclusion is that such an amendment as is last referred to is allowable. Powell on Actions for Land, § 118, note 5. Two grounds of the motion for a new trial complain of error in [906] the exclusion of certain evidence offered by the defendant below. An examination of the brief of evidence sent up in the record shows that the evidence alleged to have been excluded was admitted. The other grounds of the motion for a new trial are sufficiently dealt with in the headnotes relating thereto. The judgment refusing a new trial is reversed, upon the error in the instruction- set forth in the 4th headnote. Beck and Atkinson, JJ., absent. The other Justices concur.