McCreary v. Acton

Bloodworth, J. (After stating the foregoing facts.) The chief question to be determined is whether or not the last sentence of the letter — Exhibit A of the petition — is ambiguous. That sentence is as follows: “The terms mentioned by you of closing the matter January 1st will be acceptable.” When is a written contract ambiguous? In Novelty Hat Mfg. Co. v. Wiseberg, 126 Ga. 800 (55 S. E. 923), Mr. Justice Beck said (p. 801) : “Many definitions of the term ‘ ambiguous ’ can be found in the reports, in law dictionaries, and in the various standard lexicons, and [165] while these definitions vary among themselves, some being broader and some more restricted in scope, tested by any of them the instrument immediately under consideration is, it seems to us, open to the criticism made upon it by counsel for plaintiff in error, that it is ambiguous. ‘ Ambiguity5 is defined as ‘ duplicity, indistinctness, an uncertainty of meaning or expression used in a written instrument. Nidle v. State Bank, 13 Neb. 245 (13 N. W. 275), cited in Words and Phrases, 367. ‘ Ambiguity' also signifies c of doubtful or uncertain nature; wanting clearness or definiteness; difficult to comprehend or distinguish; of doubtful purport; open to various interpretations.5 Cent. Diet.55 Is not the sentence under consideration “ of doubtful or uncertain nature; wanting clearness or definiteness; difficult to comprehend or distinguish; of doubtful purport; open to various interpretations?55 Do not the words “ terms mentioned by you55 refer to some phase of the agreement not mentioned in the letter, the exact meaning of which cannot be determined by the writing itself, but can only be made certain by evidence outside the writing? Is it not doubtful from the writing itself whether the date January 1st refers to and stipulates the time in which the plaintiff should have' the option on the propert)1, or to the date on which final payment of the purchase price and settlement of the whole matter should be made? If so, the writing is ambiguous, and its construction should have been left to a jury, under proper pleadings. This being true, it was the right of the defendant so. to frame his pleadings as to permit the introduction of parol evidence to explain the ambiguity. The amendment offered deals specifically with the alleged ambiguity in the last sentence of the letter. “The contract sued upon in this case was ambiguous, and the court erred in disallowing and striking defendant’s pleadings, under the allegations of which oral'testimony would have been admissible to explain the ambiguity, on the ground that the said contract was unambiguous. Novelty Hat Mfg. Co. v. Wiseberg, supra. Not only did the court err in refusing to allow the amendment to paragraph 13 of the answer, but erred in thereafter striking paragraphs 13 and 14 thereof. For no reason alleged in the demurrer should these paragraphs have been stricken. Neither of them speks to engraft any parol stipulations on a complete written contract, [166] but it is sought to explain by parol evidence, not conflicting with anything plainly expressed in the writing, an ambiguity, and to supply certain parts of the contract in reference to which the writing is silent. It appears to us that the writing “ does not purport to contain all of the stipulations of. the contract,” and that the words, “terms mentioned by you,” refer to certain “ terms ” which had been discussed by the parties, but as to which the writing is silent. Paragraph 5 of the answer, to which no demurrer was filed, alleges that “ Defendant admits the allegations of paragraph 5, but alleges that the contract attached as Exhibit A does not express the full agreement, in material particulars, between plaintiff and defendant, as will be more fully set forth hereinafter.” Section 5791 of the Civil Code of 1910 is in part as follows: “ If the writing does not purport to contain all the stipulations of the contract, parol evidence is admissible to prove other portions thereof not inconsistent with the writing.” In discussing this question the Supreme Court has rendered numerous decisions, among them the following: McCommons v. Williams, 131 Ga. 313 (2) (62 S. E. 230); McMahan v. Tyson, 23 Ga. 43 (2); Johnston v. Patterson, 86 Ga. 725 (2) (13 S. E. 17). This court in Martin v. Thrower, 3 Ga. App. 784 (2) (60 S. E. 825), held: “A contract may be partly in writing and partly verbal. In such a case all evidence tending to show what the entire contract really was should be admitted.” The Supreme Court, quoting from Bradner on Evidence, said that the rule to be applied in such cases is: “ To bring a case within the rule admitting parol evidence to complete an entire agreement of which a writing is only a part, two things are essential. First, the writing must appear on inspection to be an incomplete contract; and second, the parol evidence must be consistent with and not contradictory of the written instrument.” Forsyth Mfg. Co. v. Castlen, 112 Ga. 210 (6, 7) (37 S. E. 485, 81 Am. St. Rep. 28). We have already expressed our opinion that the writing does not appear to be a complete contract, and paragraph 13 of the plea would allow only such parol testimony as would show other terms and conditions of the contract not inconsistent with, nor contradictory of, the written part. In addition to what has been said as to paragraph 14 of the answer, it is only necessary to add that it is not- subject to the criticism urged against it that it is an effort on the part of the [167] defendant to vary or contradict the terms of the written contract by parol declarations. The allegations in paragraph 14 relate exclusively to declarations of the plaintiff which are not in conflict with the writing but are independent thereof. The court having erred both in refusing to allow the amendment offered to paragraph 13 of the answer, and in thereafter striking paragraphs 13 and 14 of the answer, the subsequent proceedings were nugatory. Judgment reversed. Broyles, O. J., and Luke, J., concur.