Sherwood v. American Bible Society

Wright, J. It will be convenient to examine in order the validity of the bequests; first, to our own corporation; second, to the foreign corporation; and third, to the voluntary association, styled in the will, the “ Arcot Mission of the Reformed Dutch Church.” 1. In respect to the bequests to the Bible and Tract Societies : These societies were, in 1841, created by the legislature bodies corporate, and invested with the general and incidental powers and attributes ¿f a corporation aggregate at common law. The purposes for which they were! formed were specified; a limitation set upon the -amount of income to be derived from property respectively held by tliém, and it was declared that they should possess the general powers, and be subject to the provisions of the title of the -Revised Statutes, “Of the general powers, privileges and liabilities of corporations.” (Laws of 1841, chap. 68, 26C ; 1 R, S., 599.) — 564 — •The powers enumerated in the general statute referred to, were those which at common law pertained to corporations aggregate, and the statute was but declaratory of the common law in respect to the rights of such corporation. The right to take and grant property, was and is of the essence of every corporation, whether created by license, or prescription, or by legislative act, and in the absence of any statutory prohibition, they may take by all the usual modes of acquiring property. They always had the right at common law to '.take personal property by bequest (Angell & Ames on Corp., p. 111, § 6; In the matter of Howe, 1 Paige Ch., 214; McCasler v. Orphan Asylum, 9 Cow., 437; Williams v. Williams, 4 Seld., 530; McDonough, Ex'r, v. Murdoch, 15 How. [U. S.], 367; Att'y-General v. Roper, 2 P. Wms., 125; Grant on Corp., 116, 117); and I entertain no doubt that they have that right under our statutes. In the statute enumeration of the general poxvers of all corporations is that of holding, purchasing and conveying such real and personal estate as the purposes of the corporation may require, with the power to hold and purchase property. All other powers necessary to its exercise are given. (1 E. S., 599, §§ 1, 3.) This includes the power of taking by all the usual modes of acquiring property not forbidden to corporations by the statute. The statute of wills prohibits them from taking lands by devise unless expressly authorized by their charters, or by statute (2 E. S., 57, § 3), but there is no statute imposing any prohibition in respect to the manner of their acquiring personal property. The same legislature which enacted the statute concerning corporations, enacted the prohibition in the statute of wills; but unless the power to take lands by devise was embraced in the statutory grant of powers to corporations, the enactment of the prohibition was unnecessary. It xvas, I think, embraced, hence the necessity of the prohibition, and the inference is irresistible that the same grant of power vested in corporations the capacity of taking a pecuniary gift by will. It is urged that the statute has restricted corporations to the acquisition of personal property by purchase in the ordinary acceptation of the term; but the interpretation has — 565 — been repudiated by this court. In Downing v. Marshall (23 N. Y., 366), it was held that the two corporations, ' the capacities of which we are now considering, were free to take money or personal property by testamentary gift, though it was to be raised by a conversion of real estate. The gifts, therefore, to the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society, were not invalid for want of power or capacity, as corporations, to take them, and this is the only ground: urged against their validity. 2. As to the betpiost to the American Colonization Society: This is a foreign corporation, created for the purpose of colonizing the free people of color of the United States, and was expressly empowered by its charter to take money, goods and chattels by bequest; The objection, therefore, of want of capacity to receive a testamentary gift has no application. But it is said that corporations are artificial beings, created by the sovereign authority, and can have no existence, or exercise any of their powers beyond the jurisdiction of the sovereignty which creates them. It is true that the corporation in question can have no legal existence outside of the State of Maryland, but its existence there may be'recognized in this State; and its residence in Maryland creates no insuperable objection to its receiving a gift of money by will from a resident of Hew York, it being authorized generally "' by its charter to take such gifts. Of course, the exercise of this power depends for its validity upon our laws, and upon the sanction, express or implied, of the State; and so do the exercise within our jurisdiction of all other powers of corporations of another sovereignty. By comity we recognizei the existence of a corporation in another State, and permit it to exercise the powers with which it is endowed in our own, unless such exercise is repugnant to our policy, or injurious to our interests. It is not more contrary to State policy to allow .an artificial than a natural person of another' ■State to take a testamentary gift of money from a donor " residing here. This would undoubtedly be otherwise if our own corporations were without the faculty of taking such donations; for a prohibition upon the latter would be a plain — 566 — indication of State policy on the subject.- But as’has been seen, out corporations are free to take personal property by bequest.» The gift, therefore, to the American Colonization Society was not invalid. 3. The remaining bequest/the validity of which is questioned, is, in the words of the will, to ■“ the Areot Mission of the Reformed -Dutch Church; to be used for the education of the heathen boy on'whose account I have heretofore advanced money.” The Areot Mission -was a voluntary association of male and fémale missionaries, located in southern Asiav This body of-missionaries had its own officers, a secretary and treasurer,'-and was, at the death of the testator in 1858,-associated with,-*dr under- the control of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Dutch Clinrch, a-body which was not incorporated until 1860. The-dhjéctof the mission was,“ to preach, and teacli both children-and adults, and generally to- disseminate Christianity among the' people in the region where it was located.” Its functions were exorcised at large, and not withreference to specific individuals': It cannot be implied from the expression “ -to be used for the education of the heathen hoy on whose account T have heretofore advanced money,’’."that some particular person was intended by the testatrix. (In connection with the proofs, it is'obvious'that this and previous contributions were general—for óur heathen boy—a.form not-unusual with a-continuous charity when nó particular .recipient is within the view of the doñov. Indeed if it was.a trust credited for the us of a particular person/a single individual-;• it would not be a-“charity” in a legal sense; for to constitute a charity the use must be public in its nature, (Ormnany v. Butcher, 1 Turn. & Russ.) But whetherphe use he a charitable, or private one, it. is .invalid, for the reason that there is no trustee competent to. take-the fund so as -to secure its.appropriation to the purpose intended: Where there is no trustee-appointed having legal capacity to take and hold-a gift,.the. legal estate can never vest and of course-no use can be raised,- There can be no valid trust, unless it.be so constituted that a title can vest in some person natural or- artificial by-favor of the gift itself.” {Downing-y. — 567 — Marshall, 23 N. Y. 382.) As was truly said, in Owens v. The Missionary Society (4 Kern., 406), “to constitute a valid use there must he in all cases, first, a trustee legally competent to take and hold the property; and, secondly, a use for some purpose clearly defined.” If there be no such trustee in the first instance, the attemped disposition fails. In fact there is no trust, and a court of chancery acquires no jurisdiction of the case. It cannot be pretended that the “ Areot Mission,” a voluntary and fluctuating body of persons unknown to the law and irresponsible to the courts, was legally capable of taking the legacy under the will of the testatrix. Indeed the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Dutch Church, under whose auspices the missionary labor at Areot was conducted, was at the death of the testatrix itself incapable of receiving the gift; not having been incorporated for more than a year thereafter. It may be deemed settled in this State that a voluntary, ■unincorporated association has not legal capacity to receive a donation, even for a purpose denominated “ charitable.” In Owens v. The Missionary Society (4 Kern., 380), the question was whether a bequest to such an association, for a “charitable” purpose was valid. It was held that it was not on account of its want of capacity to take the fund and effectuate the charity. So, also, a similar conclusion was reached in Downing v. Marshall (23 N. Y., 366). There the bequest was to an unincorporated body of persons, known as the Home Missionary Society. The purpose of the trust was religious or charitable; The fund was to be devoted to the same object as in the present case, viz., Christian missionary labor. The bequest was held void for want of a competent trustee. These conclusions upon the disputed matters in the "will accord with those of the Supreme Court, and lead to an affirmance of its judgment in the suits. I am in favor of such affirmance with costs of appeal to the three incorporated societies to be paid by the executor from the assets of the estate; but without costs of the appeal to the Areot Mission. Indeed, so much of the judgment of — 568 — the General Term as gave costs of appeal tó the Areot Mission should be reversed. All concur, Judgment affirmed.