Boulle v. Tompkins

The Surrogate. It is a little remarkable that no case like this can be found in the reports in England or this country, which determines the question here presented. There are numerous cases, however, between creditors and the executors, where the will authorized the carrying on of the trade of the deceased after his death. Such were the cases of Exp. Garland (10 Vesey, 119) ; Exp. Richardson (3 Maddock, 138) ; Thompson v. Andrews (1 M. & K., 116); Cutbush v. Cutbush (1 Beav., 184); Sherman v. Robinson (43 Law Times, 372); Owen v. Delamere (Law Rep. 15 Equity, 134); Fairland v. Percy (3 Law Rep. P. & D., 217); McNeillie v. Acton (4 De Gex, M. & G., 744), decided by the English courts; and Burwell v. Mandeville’s Executor (2 How. U. S., 560), and Ferry v. Laible (31 N. J. Eq., 566; S. C. on appeal, 32 Id., 791), determined by American courts. In all these cases, the question considered and determined was what property of the estate the creditor of the continued trade could resort to, for the recovery of his debt; and it was generally held, and such seems to be the current of authority, that while the executor was personally liable for the debts, the creditors, if necessary to secure themselves, had a remedy against the goods employed in the trade, and also against the fund or . assets authorized to be used in the trade, but not against the other assets and property of the estate. Hence, the — 475 — dicta of the learned judges in those cases must be read in the light of the facts before them. It is undoubtedly a well established principle, both at the common law and under our statute, that an executor shall gain nothing by the increase of the estate through his efforts, nor lose anything by its diminution without his fault. Here, I think, the whole question hinges upon the proper application of this principle. It does nod arise between him and a creditor of the trade, but between him and the legatees under the will; and in this lies the novelty of tire question. True, this difference may be of little moment, so far as the solution of the difficulty may be concerned, for the rights of creditors and legatees may be regarded as upon substantially the same footing. In McNeillie v. Acton (supra), Lord Justice Turner, said, ‘‘ Looking at the language of this will, containing, as it does, merely a direction to continue the trade, without any specific direction as to the assets which are to be employed in it, I am satisfied that it was not the meaning of the testator thaf any portion of his assets beyond that which was employed in the trade at the time of his death, should be considered as the fund for carrying it on after his death.” This is the doctrine laid down in most of the cases, but none of them define what are assets so employed which constitute such fund. None of them ' discuss the question, whether the debts, or book accounts due the testator on account of the business at the time of liis death, constitute a part of such assets or fund. In Exp. Richardson (supra), however, where the testator was member of a partnership, which by its articles, had several years to continue when he died, and which provided that, in case of the death of either partner, he — 476 — should appoint, by will or otherwise, a successor; and the testator did by will appoint his wife and others, his executors, his successors, to carry on the business, which was that of timber merchants in Liverpool, the executors refused to act, but the widow qualified, and with the surviving partner carried on the business until the firm became bankrupt; the question was whether the estate outside of what the testator had employed in the business was liable to creditors of the firm, so constituted, and the court held that all that was meant to be left to carry on the trade, was the capital of the trade, and that the executrix was not authorized to employ one shilling of the assets beyond the capital. Undoubtedly, the debts due the firm, in whatever form, the cash and stock of timber, etc., on hand at the testator’s death, were a part of the capital, as was also the testator’s share of the net earnings. Had there been no such arrangement to continue the business, all the-testator’s interests in the co-partnership would have been, at his death, assets belonging to his estate, subject, of course, to the rights of the surviving partner, .and the creditors of the firm, if any. In Exp. Garland, it was held that where the will directed a limited sum, beside the property actually employed in the business at the testator’s death, to be paid by the executors for the purpose of carrying on his trade (he being a sole trader), the general assets, beyond that fund, were not liable. So in Burwell v. Mandeville’s Executor (supra), Judge Story decided that where the will directed that the testator’s interest in a copartnership should be continued therein until the expiration of the term limited by the articles, the remedy of the — 477 — creditors was limited to the funds embarked in that trade. The ordinary meaning of the word fund, according to Webster, is “a stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation, undertaken with a view to profit, and by means of which expenses and credit are supported ; and hence the word' is applied to the money which an individual may possess, or the means he can employ for carrying on any enterprise or operation. No prudent man undertakes an expensive business without funds.” Now, what was the intention of the testator in this regard, as ascertained from the will and the surrounding circumstances. He directed this trade to be carried on for the benefit of his widow. It was a business in which he had given credit largely, as there were book accounts due to him, growing out of the trade, to the large amount of nearly $14,000. The trade could not, therefore, be advantageously carried on so that the widow should derive a benefit from it, without a cash capital. So much of the book accounts as were collectible, if available for that purpose, would constitute such cash capital; and would undoubtedly have been necessarily used by the testator, had he lived, to carry on his business successfully. These credits, in the shape of book accounts due to the trade, were, therefore, I think, intended by the testator to be used, so far as necessary, for the carrying on of the business. Besides this, it was evidently his intention, that at the death of his widow, his grandson, Myron E. Boyd, should at once step into a business in successful operation. This could hardly have been accomplished, had there been an attempt to carry it on without any cash — 478 — capital whatever. His intention that his grandson should continue the business of his life, is further manifested by his devising to him the- lot, store and workshop where he had carried on the trade. I am, therefore, of opinion that the executor had a right to employ the avails of the book accounts, so far as necessary, to carry on the trade as directed by the will, as they were set apart by the testator for that purpose, not only as being a part of the fund used by him in that trade, but also because of his, intention to that effect, as derived from other provisions of the will to which allusion has been made. This provision of the will, resulting as it did in a loss, does not seem to have been a very wise one; but, as Vice-Chancellor Shadwell once remarked, “Every testator, by the law of the land, is at liberty to adopt Ms own nonsense in disposing of his property.” It is claimed that this loss, amounting to about $1,100, should not fall upon the legatees, but upon the executor personally. This view would be just, provided the executor had been guilty of a breach of his trust, but, as I have endeavoi’ed to show, he was simply, and in good faith, obeying the directions given to him by the will. True, he might have refused to qualify, and thus saved himself from vexation and trouble, ill compensated by his commissions. - But he did undertake the duties of the office, and, for aught that appears, discharged them faithfully. In Ferry v. Laible (32 N. J. Eq., 791), the court says, “for what they do in obedience to their trust the executors are entitled, in equity, to be indemnified out of the property lawfully embarked in the business.” This seems to be just and reasonable ; and, adopting this principle, the executor may be reimbursed out of the — 479 — fund employed in the business at the time of the testator’s death. There was collected of the book accounts resulting from the trade about $7,000, thus presenting ample means to indemnify him. It seems to me, too, that the debt of $226.23, incurred by the executor in carrying on the trade, which was outstanding at the death of the widow, and paid by him, stands upon the same footing as the preceding item. It accrued during the life-time of the widow, and immediately upon her death, all of the stock in trade, tools, etc., by the terms of the will, became Boyd’s. The executor could not speculate as to the time of the death of the widow, fix a certain time for her to die, and cease to carry on the trade in anticipation of the event happening at that time, but was obliged to continue it down to the time of its actual occurrence. The widow should have been paid the profits of the business annually, if there were any, and then, when there were none for any particular year, or the business ivas conducted at a loss, of course she was entitled to nothing. The account of proceedings filed is not very clear on the subject, but this theory will account for her having been rightfully paid some profits, when there was, on the whole, a loss. A decree should be entered in accordance with these views, and, as the question is a novel one, costs are allowed to the executor, with a suitable allowance to both'parties, based upon the usual affidavits.