Abdullah v. Coughlin

In a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 to compel the respondent Commissioner of the New York State Department of Correctional Services to comply with the petitioners’ request that all Sunni Moslems incarcerated at Green Haven Correctional Facility (hereinafter Green Haven) be permitted to shower on Friday mornings prior to religious services, the petitioners appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Dutchess County (West, J.), dated January 18, 1985, which, after a hearing, dismissed the petition. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed, without costs or disbursements. There were approximately 80 Sunni Moslems in Green Haven at the time of the hearing, who were housed in 33 different companies. Housing in Green Haven is determined by job assignment, and all honor prisoners are housed in D block. Prisoners take showers in the shower room of the company to which they are assigned. Each of these company shower rooms has only two shower heads. The use of these showers by all prisoners, except those in the honor block, is under the supervision of a correction officer. There are valid institutional reasons for this supervision, namely, to prevent the transfer of contraband or to prevent homosexual attacks. Green Haven provides a religious service, Jummah, for Sunni Moslems each Friday afternoon between 1:00 and 4:00 p.m. Observant Sunnis are required to undergo a ritual cleansing or bathing prior to attending Jummah services. According to the testimony of the three Sunni prisoners who testified at the hearing, each of them has been able to accomplish this religious requirement using the sinks in their cells between 11:00 to 11:30 a.m. when all prisoners are required to be in their cells for a master count. This testimony clearly indicated that the petitioners’ request for showers was not based on religious requirements, but on their own convenience. This case is clearly distinguishable from those cases where prison procedures actively violated the religious beliefs or practices of prisoners (see, e.g., Matter of Rivera v Smith, 63 NY2d 501 [frisks of Moslem prisoners by female correction officers]; People v Lewis, 115 AD2d 597, affd 68 NY2d 923 [cutting hair for identification photographs]). While these cases involved prison procedures that were grounded in valid institutional concerns, there were alternative procedures [472] available that did not require significant additional manpower or costs and would not violate the religious beliefs or practices of the prisoners. Nothing indicates that the respondents in this case prohibited the petitioners or other Sunni Moslems from practicing their religion, as was the case in Matter of Abdullah v Smith (96 AD2d 742). It has been recognized, however, that certain rights of prisoners to the free exercise of their religious beliefs and practices may be curtailed if they conflict with lawful institutional objectives (Matter of Shahid v Coughlin, 83 AD2d 8, affd 56 NY2d 987, rearg denied 57 NY2d 775). In the case at bar, the petitioners want to compel the respondents to change established prison procedures based on valid institutional objectives, not because they prohibit or interfere with the religious practices of the prisoners, but because it would be more convenient for the prisoners. Such inconveniences are part of the petitioners’ status as prisoners and unless they violate essential constitutional rights, will not warrant changes. Our dissenting colleague points out that at the time of the hearing, prisoners housed in two cell blocks, D and J, could take showers on Friday morning. This is so because all residents of D block are honor prisoners, not subject to the same degree of supervision as the general prison population, and J block is unique in its physical arrangement. J block is the only block in Green Haven that is only two stories high and the shower rooms are so situated that they are visible to the first officer, who occupies a fixed post. Furthermore, the only prisoners resident in D or J blocks who take showers on Friday morning are those who do not have school or work assignments during the morning program from the hours of 8:15 a.m. to 11:10 a.m. It should be noted that the testimony elicited at the hearing demonstrated that the authorities at Green Haven were sensitive to the religious requirements of Sunni Moslems and other religious groups within the institution. During the month of Ramadan, Sunni Moslems may not eat during daylight hours. All Moslems in Green Haven, Sunnis and other Moslem groups, are excused from the compulsory noon meal. A special evening meal, after sundown, is provided for the Moslems. This requires the institution to provide extra security personnel and correction officers to incur overtime. As a result of foregoing the noon meal during Ramadan, Moslem prisoners are confined to their cells between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Green Haven permits these prisoners to shower during this [473] period whenever there is sufficient security coverage to supervise the shower rooms. This is not possible in all companies or on all days of Ramadan, but is permitted where possible. Such conduct hardly demonstrates any invidious discrimination by the respondents against Moslem prisoners. Niehoff, J. P., Lawrence and Sullivan, JJ., concur.