People v. Odenweller

OPINION OF THE COURT Harvey, J. At approximately 5:30 p.m. on July 28, 1986, defendant was seen driving a car in a very erratic manner. Two witnesses, Caryn Ely and Tammy Brick, observed defendant’s erratic driving and watched as she nearly hit some bicyclists. Ely and Brick followed defendant into a bar parking lot. Believing that defendant was intent on consuming alcoholic beverages at the tavern, Ely and Brick approached her, detecting a strong odor of alcohol. When Ely and Brick attempted to -speak to defendant, she reacted belligerently. Ely and Brick informed defendant that they were going to call the police. Defendant then backed the car she was driving into a parked vehicle and left the scene. The witnesses immediately called the State Police and Trooper Susan Andrews arrived at the scene within a matter of minutes. After receiving a description of defendant’s actions and being provided with the license plate number of the car defendant was operating, Andrews proceeded directly to defendant’s address. Upon arrival at defendant’s residence, Andrews spoke with defendant’s 14-year-old grandson, Jason Hoitinga, who was outside the residence and had been with defendant during the afternoon. Andrews testified that Hoitinga informed her that defendant had been drinking heavily, that he had been with her when she nearly hit the bicyclists and when she ran into the parked vehicle. When Andrews asked Hoitinga where defendant was, he proceeded up an outside stairway. Andrews followed him. At the top of the stairs, he opened a door and spoke to defendant, who was in the room into which the outside door opened. At that point, Andrews stepped through the open door into the room and spoke to defendant. Defendant reacted by shouting at Andrews and attempting to physically attack her. A struggle ensued and the two women ended up outside on the landing at the top of the stairs. Andrews was subsequently aided and defendant was arrested. Defendant consented to a blood alcohol test, the results of which indicated that her blood alcohol level was .22%. Defendant, who had been convicted less than a year earlier of driving while intoxicated, was charged with, inter alia, [17] driving while intoxicated as a felony and operating a motor vehicle while she had .10% or more by weight of alcohol in her blood as a felony. Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress the result of the blood alcohol test upon the ground that it was the fruit of an unlawful arrest. The motion was denied and, following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of the aforementioned felonies as well as reckless driving. Defendant was sentenced to five years’ probation and had her driving privileges in New York revoked. This appeal ensued. Defendant contends that Andrews’ warrantless entry into her residence and the ensuing arrest violated her 4th Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. In the absence of probable cause and exigent circumstances, warrantless arrests in the home are prohibited by the 4th Amendment (Payton v New York, 445 US 573).1 It is clear that probable cause to believe that a crime had been committed existed. Andrews had been informed by two witnesses of defendant’s erratic and dangerous driving. These witnesses had spoken to defendant and had observed her belligerent manner, noticed her slurred speech and detected a strong odor of alcohol. They, together with others, had seen defendant back into a parked vehicle and leave the scene without checking whether damage had occurred. Andrews had also spoken with defendant’s grandson, who was with defendant throughout the afternoon, and had been informed that defendant had been drinking heavily and had driven in the aforementioned manner. Exigent circumstances may be found where relevant evidence is likely to be destroyed (see, People v Vaccaro,39 NY2d 468, 472; People v Henderson, 107 AD2d 469, 471). Here, there is little doubt that delay would have seriously impaired important evidence (see, Matter of Stark v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, 104 AD2d 194, 197, affd 65 NY2d 720). In order to get an accurate reading of defendant’s blood alcohol level, it was essential that the test be administered as nearly as possible to the time she was operating the vehicle (cf., Vehicle and Trafile Law § 1194 [1] [requiring that tests be administered within two hours of arrest]). With the passage of time the body’s natural processes were destroying the evidence of defendant’s blood alcohol level. Further, once defen [18] dant had entered her residence she could have consumed additional alcohol, thus making the result of any subsequent test of dubious validity (see, Matter of Stark v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, supra, at 197). A further factor in the exigent circumstances formula is the gravity of the underlying offense (Welsh v Wisconsin, 466 US 740). In Welsh v Wisconsin (supra), a case with similar facts to the one at bar, the United States Supreme Court found that an arrest in an individual’s home was unlawful. Significant in the court’s analysis was the fact that Wisconsin classified driving while intoxicated as merely a violation, with a maximum fine of $200 (supra, at 746). This State has taken a much more serious view of driving while intoxicated. A first offense is a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail and a $500 fine (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192 [5]).2 Further, the courts of this State have repeatedly referred to the strong interest this State has in removing intoxicated drivers from its highways (see, e.g., People v Scott, 63 NY2d 518, 525; Matter of Quealy v Passidomo, 124 AD2d 955, 956-957, lv denied 69 NY2d 612; Matter of Stark v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, supra). The fact that important evidence was being lost and that this State has a strong interest in removing intoxicated drivers from its highways are not, by themselves, sufficient reason to justify this warrantless arrest. We emphasize that in cases such as this the court must, as County Court did, carefully scrutinize the specific facts and circumstances (see, United States v Martinez-Gonzalez, 686 F2d 93, 100; see also, Matter of Stark v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, supra, at 198 [Mahoney, P. J., dissenting]). There is no per se rule authorizing warrantless arrests of suspected intoxicated drivers in their homes. Here, all the following factors, viewed cumulatively, are significant. Andrews’ entry into defendant’s residence was made during daylight hours (see, United States v Campbell, 581 F2d 22, 26, n 5; see generally, 5 Zett, NY Crim Prac [f 36.1). The manner of the entry was peaceful (see, Matter of Stark v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, supra; see also, United States v Reed, 572 F2d 412, 424, cert denied sub nom. Goldsmith v United States, 439 US 913). Andrews merely stepped through a door which had been [19] opened by defendant’s grandson, who was temporarily residing at the premises and who knew that Andrews was seeking to speak to defendant. Andrews was immediately confronted by defendant as she took a step into the residence; she did not wander throughout the house seeking defendant. It is also significant that, as previously discussed, there was strong evidence that the crime of driving while intoxicated, as well as other crimes, had been committed (see, Dorman v United States, 435 F2d 385, 392-393). Further, Andrews’ pursuit, while unable to fit within the legal definition of "hot pursuit” (see, Welsh v Wisconsin, supra, at 753), was nevertheless, as noted by County Court, at least "luke warm”. It covered in a matter of minutes a direct line from the eyewitnesses to the vehicle’s passenger to defendant. If Andrews had left defendant’s residence in order to obtain a warrant, a situation would have existed whereby defendant could have entered her car, yet another time creating a grave danger to the public. All these factors, together with the seriousness of the crime and the loss of evidence which was occurring, lead to the conclusion that County Court’s decision not to suppress the result of the blood alcohol test was correct. Footnotes [1] We note that County Court found the evidence insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Andrews had been given consent to enter defendant’s residence. [2] While a second offense constitutes a felony (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192), this cannot be considered in the absence of evidence that the arresting officer was aware that the suspect had a previous driving while intoxicated conviction (see, Welsh v Wisconsin, 466 US 740, 746, n 6).