In re Vedder

Botts, J. This case comes up on a habeas corpus ad subjiciendum, in which the petitioner seeks to be restored to the custody of her infant female child, thirteen months of age. The return to the writ shows that the child is in the care and keeping of her grand-father, who has been appointed her guardian, with the right of custody, by the probate judge, for the County of Zevada. The only inquiry proper to this proceeding is this&emdash;is the infant in legal custody ? That the equity powers of this court extend to all questions of guardianship is, I think, hardly to be doubted. The sixth section of the SOth.article of the constitution invests the district courts with all the powers known to courts of equity, and none of those powers are more thoroughly established than the full authority over the subject of the guardianship of minors. But it ip the common law, and not the equity powers of this court, that are invoked by this proceeding. The common law courts possess no power of this kind. They exercise no supervision, over the subject of guardianship. It is true, that upon & writ of habeas corpus, a common law court, or a judge thereof, may inquire whether the prisoner is illegally detained, but they can go no further; if it appear that the defendant is' in the custody of a guardian, appointed by the court of competent jurisdiction, the inquiry is at an end, and the defendant must be remanded. Up to this point the law is clear enough, and it would seem that its application to this case [247] Is not less apparent. Bat the fc applicant raises this grave question; Is not the statute «afee-ring pmens of guardianship upon the probate court, in opposition to that disstrihutioBj of judicial powers established by the sixth article of our constitution f To sustain his position, he refers the court to the case of Parsons vs. The Tuolumne Co., 5 Cal. 43. The Supreme Court in that case, undoubtedly, declared that the legislature can confer upon the county courts ho jurisdiction over subjects included in the "general frame-work of courts of common law and equity.” It is clear that the appointment of guardians was, by the common law system, vested In the chancery court, and that it is therefore by the constitution vested exclusively in the district court. If this were so, it would follow that the appointment of Tedder was a nullity, and as the only question to ba determined on this application is as to the lawful right to the custody of the infeat, end as the law unquestionably confers that right upon the mother, in the absence of the father, although equity may deprive her of it, it would follow, that it would he my duty to order the child' into its mother’s keeping. But there are two answers to the argument of the learned counsel for the appEeant; First, It does not appear that at common law the chancery court exercised the power of appointing guardians. Time out of mind, the chancery court of England exercised a supervisory power over the whole subject of infeats and their estates ; even to the removing of one guardian,. perhaps, and the substitution of another ; but the power of original appointment began to be exercised by the court of chancery in England, about the latter part of the reign of William HI. (See Reeve’s Domestic Relations, p. 816.) It is true that Chancellor Kent, in the 2d voh of his Commentaries, p. 226, says; "the power of the chancellor to appoint guardians for infants, is a branch of Ms general jurisdiction over minors and their estates, and that jurisdiction has been long and unquestionably settled.” But an examination of the earlier authorities to which he refers, will show, that they sustain the supervisory power only. At the common law, therefore, we hold th^ chancery exercised only a supervisory power, in Its nature appellate, over the appointment of guardians. But the constitution of California provides, that the county judge shall perform the duties of surrogate or probate judge. The term sur [248] rogate in England, is applied, I believe, to the deputy or vice chancellor of the ecclesiastical courts. The power of the ecclesiastical courts to appoint guardians to the persons of infants, has always been a bofte. of contention between those courts and the common law lawyers of England. But in Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Hew York, Hew Jersey, and probably in all the states where the term surrogate, or probate judge is used at all, the power of appointment is lodged with that officer. I take it, then-, that when the constitution confers upon the judge of the county- court, the powers of a surrogate, or probate judge, it intends that that officer shall exercise the power of appointing guardians to infants. This is- enough for the purposes of this case. The infant was in the lawful custody of her guardian—let her be remanded.