Van Bokkelin v. Ingersoll

The following opinions were delivered: By the Chancellor. The questions arising from the facts in this case are, 1. Whether the master was a wrongdoer, so as to deprive him of any claim upon the owners or otherwise, for his wages and advances; 2. Had he any lien on the brig or freight for the wages, primage and advances, or either of them ? and 3. Does the decree of the admiralty court deprive him of any right which he otherwise might have had against the defendant at the time this suit was commenced 1 — 322 — The master was engaged for the voyage, and was put in possession of the brig on the 3d of June, while Ehvell was the owner, and when Barker and Hopkins had full power to make such a contract. If he has done nothing inconsistent with his duty as master, I can see no good reason for depriving him of his wages or advances, although the legal ownership of the brig was changed during the voyage. Perhaps the facts given in evidence might have authorized the jury in finding that, after he had notice of the transfer to Andrews, he joined with Driggs and Hopkins and Barker in obtaining a new register, and in the change of the consignment. If he did so, with knowledge of the rights of the parties, it would have been such a violation of his duty to the rightful owner of the brig as to deprive him of all claim upon him for wages or advances; but the jury have found that his conduct was that of a prudent, judicious and careful master. In the libel filed in the admiralty court, Shaw alleges that at the time of the conveyance to him, which was long after the commencement of the voyage, Ingersoll continued to be and was the master and commander of the brig, by virtue of the appointment made by Elwell. This certainly contradicts the idea that he was then wrongfully in possession under the appointment of Driggs. Although it is stated in another part of the libel that the defendants had covertly and against the will of the libellant sent the brig to ports beyond the seas, that allegation cannot be considered as relating to this voyage, because it is stated to have been done by them after his title accrued. The vessel was at New-Orleans at or about the time Shaw purchased of Andrews, having left New-York in the early part of June. The facts found by the jury do not therefore sustain the objection that Ingersoll was wrongfully in possession of the brig for this particular voyage. It is suggested by the counsel for the master, that the advances were made at New-Orleans where the incipient right to the freight commenced, and that by the Spanish civil law, which prevailed there, the master had a lien on the brig and her freight both for his wages and advances. There might perhaps be some weight in this suggestion if the brig was owned at New-Orleans and the voyage had commenced and — 323 — terminated there. Even in such case it is doubtful whether any court in another state could directly enforce the lien, or what is there termed, the privilege of the master; though it is frequently done collaterally, where a foreign court has the control of the fund raised by the sale of the ship, or of the proceeds of the freight, or where a remnant or surplus is to be distributed, as in the case of the Spanish ships mentioned by Judge Peters, 1 Peter’s Adm. Rep. 229. In this case the brig was owned at Boston, and the voyage commenced and terminated at New-York, where the contract with the master xvas made. His rights must therefore depend upon those principles which form the basis of the maritime and commercial la w here. The maritime, ecclesiastical and chancery law of England, as they existed in this state at the time of the revolution, and which have not been altered by the constitution or statutes, are of the same force and validity as that which is usually denominated the common law. If by any law in force here the master had a lien on the freight, or a right to retain the goods until the amount of his wages and disbursements were paid to him, it is the duty of all courts, to enforce and protect that right, so far as their jurisdiction and particular forms of administering relief will enable them to do it. The right of the master to hypothecate the ship and freight and even the cargo, in a foreign port in case of necessity, for the purpose of procuring supplies or repairs to complete the voyage, is perfectly well settled ; and by the maritime law, even without any express hypothecation, those who have furnished the necessary supplies under such circumstances, or whose property has been applied to the same object by a forced loan, have a lien or privilege which may be enforced against the ship or freight by a proceeding in rent. It is equally well settled that the seamen or mariners have a lien for their wages and sustenance which has a preference over all other claims. Madonna D’Idra, I Dods. Rep. 37. But the question whether the master has a lien on the ship or freight for supplies furnished by himself, or on his own credit in a foreign port, does not appear to have been settled in England previous to the revolution which separated us from that — 324 — country. More recently, however, the English courts have c]ecjc]ef] that the master has no such lien. Hussey v. Christie, 9 East, 426. Smith v. Plumer, 1 Barn. & Ald. 575. Atkinson v. Cotesworth, 5 Dowl, & Ryl. 575. The Favorite, 2 Rob. Adm. R. 232. The decisions in the courts of our own country have not been uniform as to the lien of the master, though I think the weight of authority is against the lien for wages, but in favor of it for supplies furnished by the master, or on bis own personal credit, in a foreign port. In the case of Gardner v. The Ship New Jersey, which came before the admiralty court of the Pennsylvania district in 1806, 1 Peter’s Adm. Rep. 223, Judge Peters, hesitatingly, allowed the master to retain out of the proceeds of the ship the amount which he had advanced for seamen’s wages, supplies and pilotage; but he decided against the claim of the master for his own wages, the creditors of insolvent owners being interested in the surplus. In the case of The Grand Turk, in the circuit court of the U. Slates for the southern district of New-York, 1 Paine’s R. 72, Judge Livingston decided that the master had no lien for his wages and perquisites, but declined expressing any opinion as to his lien for advances and responsibilities in a foreign port, that part of the case being disposed of on other grounds. A similar decision was made by the supreme court of Pennsylvania in the case of Fisher v. Willing, 8 Serg. Rawle, 118. In that case the decision involved the question as to the lien of the master for his wages on the freight as well as on the ship, although the question as to the lien on the freight was not discussed in the opinion of the court. The lien of the master on the freight, for advances and responsibilities in a foreign port, was distinctly asserted by Judge Story, in the more recent case of the ship Packet, 3 Mason’s Rep. 255. He thinks that, on principle, the master is also entitled to a preference as against the ship ; though the correctness of his opinion as to both appears to be doubled by the very able and distinguished commentator on American law, 3 Kent’s Comm. 128, 9. The only case I have been able to find of a direct adjudication in favor of the master’s lien, either on the vessel or freight for his own wages, is that of Lewis v. Han — 325 — cock, in the supreme court of Massachusetts, 11 Mass. R. 72. In that case it was decided that (he master hada lien on the freight for his own wages as well as for advances, and that the owner had no right to receive the freight money from the shipper until the master’s wages were paid. Mr. Justice Sutherland, who delivered the opinion of the court below in the case now before us, seems to think the same principle was adopted here in the case of Milward v. Hallet, 2 Caines' Rep. 77, and by the supreme court of the United States in Hodgson v. Butts, 3 Crunch, 140. But on a careful examination of the first case, it. will be found that (he question of lien, as between (he master and his. owner, did not come under discusión there ; and although it was alluded to in the argument of Hodgson v. Butts, yet, as it turned out that the mortgage from (he owner to a third person was void in consequence of some legal informality, the question now under consideration was not decided. The remark of Chief Justice Marshall, near the end of (he case, that the master was entitled to retain the freight for a general balance, notwithstanding any claim of the owner or his assignee, has been misunderstood. The mortgage being'void, another claim was set up, arising out of a transaction which took place after the master had received the freight and settled with the owner; and the chief justice evidently intended to say, that after the master had received the freight, he had a right to retain it for a general balance due him from the owner, even without his consent, and notwithstanding the claims of any subsequent assignee of the freight money. The right of the master to retain the freight money, after it has come into his possession, for a general balance against the owner, and his lien upon the cargo to compel payment of the freight as the agent and acting in behalf of the owner, are frequently mentioned in the reports, and are sometimes confounded with the lien or claim of the master on (he freight as against the owner, before it has been actually received from the shipper. The two first are in the nature of common law liens ; and if the master part with the money in the one case, or the possession of the goods in the other, the lieu is gone : but the lien on the freight, as such, by the maritime — 326 — law which is now under discussion, is incidental to, or a consequence of the lien upon the ship ; and it may be enforced ...... in tae same manner, by a proceeding m rem m the admiralty courts. It is not strictly a lien or mere right to retain possession of the subject until payment of the debt charged thereon, but it is the privilege of the civil law, or an equitable lien which may be enforced although the claimant never was in the actual possession of the subject out of the proceeds of which satisfaction is sought. Even where the master has collected the freight, and is entitled as against his owner to retain it for his wages or advances, yet, by the maritime law, as incidental to a lien on the ship, the freight money in his hands may still be subject to many equitable liens in favor of the mariners and others, which must be satisfied before he has a right, to apply it in discharge of his own claims. In a case where the claim is for services in navigating the ship, or for advances for its safety, repairs, or other necessary expenses, I know of no principle which would give an equitable lien on the freight, except as incidental to a lien on the ship, and as a part of the proceeds or profits of the ship by way of accretion. Hence I conclude that in cases like the present, if there is no equitable lien on the ship, there cannot be on the freight. Nearly one hundred years since it was decided in England that the master had no lien on the ship for his wages ; Kelyng’s Rep. 226 ; 2 Barnard’s Rep. K. B. 160 ; and such now appears to be the settled law both in England and in this country. The Favorite, 2 Rob. Adm. Rep. 232, and the cases before cited. I think, therefore, the judgnient of the supreme court was wrong, so far as it included the wages of the master. Again ; nearly half of those wages accrued during the outward voyage, while Andrews was the owner of the brig; and if there was a lien on the freight, and not on the ship, for the payment thereof, that part should have been deducted from the outward freight which belonged to him, and not charged upon that belonging to Shaw. The primage belonged wholly to the master, by the agreement under which he took command of the brig. The right of lien or preference, both against the ship and freight, to indemnify the master for advances and personal re — 327 — sponsibilities necessarily made or incurred by him in a foreign port for the safety of the ship or the successful terminalion of the voyage, depends upon a different principle from that which is applicable to his wages. The agreement for ‘ . , , , . wages is a personal contract with the owner, and there are no substantial grounds of equity for giving him a preference over other creditors. Any one who is sufficiently intelligent and discreet to discharge the responsible duties of master must be perfectly competent to provide for bis own wages in the contract; and the same reasons may be urged for refusing him a lien for his advances in a home port, when his owners are present or he can readily communicate with them. On the other hand, the reasons which render it proper for the master to hypothecate the ship and freight to procure the necessary supplies occasioned by some unforeseen disaster in a foreign port, and which by the maritime law give a lien upon both, to persons who have furnished those supplies, or whose property has been taken for the purpose, in the nature of a forced loan, seem to be equally applicable to the case of the master when the requisite supplies have been furnished from his own property, or on the pledge of his individual credit. It is said he may in such cases discharge himself from liability bjr an actual hypothecation, or an express stipulation against personal responsibility; but is it consistent with sound policy to compel the master to resort to that expedient, and to encumber the ship at a high rate of marine interest, when perhaps the supplies could be obtained by the application of the private funds of the master, or raised on loan at the ordinary rate of interest, on his individual responsibility 1 Besides, the requisite funds cannot always be raised by hypothecation of the ship in a foreign land; but the master would not be justified in breaking up a profitable voyage and sacrificing the property of his owners, if the necessary supplies could be procured by the appropriation of his private funds or the pledge of his own credit. Where he is thus compelled to pledge his personal credit, or apply his own funds to save the ship and freight, by the general principles of equity, as well as the spirit of the maritime law, he is entitled to a lien or preference to the same extent that a third — 328 — person would have whose property had been applied for the same purpose either by a forced loan thereof or a voluntary agreement with the master. To entitle the master to such a lien, or preference, I admit he must show a state of facts which would have justified him in pledging the owner’s property to a third person; hence the furnishing supplies in a home port would not entitle him to a lien. Such I presume was the case in Clay v. Snelgrove, Carth. 518, and the Anonymous case mentioned by Fortescue, Fort. Rep. 230, where prohibitions were granted. Although the recent decisions in England are against the master’s lien, even for supplies necessarily furnished abroad, the nisi prius opinion of Lord Kenyon in 1801, While v. Baring, 4 Esp. 22, and the doubts of Lord Eldon in the case of Hussey v. Christie, in 1807, 13 Ves. 594, shew that the law was not thus settled in that countiy previous to the American revolution. Indeed, the English judges who certified their opinion to the lord chancellor in the last mentioned case, seem to take it for granted there can be no lien upon the ship unless there is an actual hypothecation by the master; but such is certainly not the law of the admiralty courts as at present understood. There is a very early case in the English reports, which I think in principle is hostile to these later-decisions there; and shows that in one'case, at least, (he master in a foreign country or on the high seas might acquire a lien on the ship in his own favor and by his own act. I allude to the case of Wilson v. Bird, in 1694, 1 Ld. Raym. R. 22. In that case, the ship was taken by a French privateer, and was ransomed by the master for £1300. To secure the payment of the ransom, the master did not indeed pledge his personal security, but he pledged his person, and was detained in France for the payment. Being unable to recover the money to redeem his person, by a suit against the owner of the ship, he filed a libel against the ship itself, on the ground of his implied lien thereon for his indemnity, and sentence was given in his favor.' On a motion in the king’s bench for a prohibition it was refused, on the ground that the master had a claim upon the ship for his redemption, although it was by his own contract. See, also, Molloy, b. 1, ch. 4, § 6, and — 329 — Lopez v. Winter in chancery, Molloy, 283. If the master can acquire a valid lien on the ship or freight, by the pledge of his person for their preservation, I see no reason why he should not have a similar lien where he pledges his personal ,. , . ‘ . credit or uses his own property for the same purpose in a like case of necessity. I therefore concur in the opinion expressed by Judge Peters and Mr. Justice Story in the cases before referred to, that the master has a preference or equitable claim on the ship and freight for his necessary disbursement in a foreign port, and to indemnify him against responsibilities there incurred. Whether, under the particular circumstances of this case, the admiralty court had any jurisdiction to make a decree in relation to the freight, it is not necessary now to determine. The freight monies were never actually attached or under the control of the court. Neither Depau or Van Bokkelin were parties to the suit; and as to the freight, it was only a proceeding in personam between the parties thereto. The right of the master, as against Van Bokkelin, had become vested before the filing of that libel. As the latter was not a party, and would not have been bound by the decision if the sentence of the court had been in favor of the master’s right, he cannot urge as an estoppel that the latter should have insisted upon his lien before that court. It is a rule of evidence that no person can have the benefit of a verdict, or of the proceedings in a suit, who would not have been prejudiced thereby if the decision had been the other way. 1 Munf. R. 394. 1 Hen. & Munf 165. If this court should agree with me in the opinion above expressed, the judgment of the supreme court must be reversed for the allowance of the wages of the master, although for the residue it be correct; and if the damages are so blended that they cannot be severed, a venire de nova must be awarded. By Mr. Senator Allen. The counsel for the plaintiff in error has presented us with eleven points on which he relies to shew error in the decision of the court below; the substance of which are, first, that the defendant proceeded in — 330 — defiance of the owner of the brig to New-Orleans, and therefore, that he was not entitled either to his wages or disbursements. appears by the case, however, that Ingersoll was appointed to the command of the vessel by Barker and Hopkins, the agents of Robert El well, of Boston, the then owner of the brig. The sale of the vessel to Driggs, although unauthorized and fraudulent, could not have been known to be such by Ingersoll; at least, there is no proof that he had such knowledge, or that he knew of the revocation of the power from Elwell to Barker and Hopkins. The brig sailed from New-York in June, 1822, and the sale of the vessel to Shaw was on the 22d of July thereafter, about the time of her arrival at New Orleans; the vessel left New-Orleans on the 8th of August, only seventeen days after the sale to Shaw. Under these circumstances, it is hardly probable that the captain knew of any fraud having been committed in the sale of the vessel; and I am at a loss to perceive, therefore, upon what evidence it is said that he proceeded on the voyage in defiance of the true owner, when no proof whatever was produced on the trial of the cause that Shaw made any attempt to communicate information to the captain that he was the owner of the vessel; and when, if he had attempted it, the time between the date of his purchase and the departure of the vessel from New-Orleans was scarcely sufficient to admit of its reaching the captain before he left there. Second. It is objected that the proceedings in the court of admiralty divested the captain of every possible right to the freight money. These proceedings, as I apprehend, had nothing to do with the claims of the captain for the disbursements he made for the vessel, but were instituted for the purpose of ascertaining who was the rightful owner; and the court having decreed to Shaw the possession of the vessel, as legal owner, he became liable to all the responsibilities incident to that character. Third. It is objected that there is no rule of law which gives the master a lien on the shipper’s goods until the freight is paid ; and that the doctrine established by the court below is unsupported by any American cases. The responsible — 331 — character which the master of a ship assumes, while acting in that capacity, seems to make it necessary that he should possess all the legal and equitable powers awarded him by our courts. He is entrusted with the care and management of the ship, and is the confidential servant or agent of the owners, who are bound by every lawful contract he may make relative to the usual employment of the vessel. He is personally liable for the necessary repairs and oulfils of the ship while in a foreign port; and unless by express terms he confines the credit to his owners, he is also bound for those he may order in the port where the owner resides. He is liable for damage sustained by a bleach of positive orders from his owners, and for the value of goods embezzled or lost during the voyage. The liability of the master, and the often absolute necessity of his obtaining supplies for the use of the ship, in order that she may prosecute her voyage in safety, is the reason, as I apprehend, why the law has given him the right to detain the freight money for the purpose of paying anj>- expense lie may incur for the benefit of his owner, and also to bind the ship, the goods on board of her (under certain circumstances) as well as his owners, for these expenses. If I have not entirely misunderstood the language of the cases I have examined, the preceding is the substance of the decisions of the courts in this country, as well as in Great Britain. In the case of Lewis v. Hancock, 11 Mass. R. 72, it was held that the master of a vessel in which goods are carried on freight is, by the terms of the contract, entitled to demand and receive the freight money or price at which the goods are to be carried and delivered; and be may retain the goods until the freight is paid; and when it is paid, he has the same right in the money that a factor or consignee has in the goods of the principal or consignor for whom money has been advanced, or any liabilities have been incurred, in consequence of the employment or consignment. In the case of Milward v. Hallett, 2 Caines’ R. 80, Judge Thompson said: “ There is no doubt but the master of a vessel may make his owners personally responsible for nec.es — 332 — sary expenditures relating to the usual employment of the vessel. The master is held up to the world as the agent of the owner; and his character and situation furnish presumptive evidence of authority from the owners to act for them in such cases.” See, also, White v. Baring, 4 Esp. R. 22; Hanson v. Myer, 6 East, 622; and Roccus, note 23, p. 31. The cases to which I have referred, I think, establish the following conclusions: That the master of a vessel has a lien on the freight for any disbursements he may have made on account of the vessel, and may retain the money until his expenditures for that object are paid; and he may also keep possession of the goods until the amount of freight has been received'by him; and although he may have delivered a part of the goods to the consignee, he may retain the remainder until the whole of the freight money has been paid to him ; and if the consignees of the cargo, after notice of the master’s claim, shall pay the freight to the owner, they will be liable to refund so much as will satisfy his claim. In the case under consideration, the defendant in error, as master of the brig William Henry, incurs responsibilities for the repairs and other necessary expenses of the vessel at New-Ovleans; he receives a cargo of tobacco on freight for New-York, and on his arrival at that port., he finds a claim set up by Shaw to the vessel and her earnings. The defendant, having been denied the payment of his disbursements and expenses on account of the vessel, by the claimant Shaw, he delivers three fourths of the tobacco to the consignee, and retains the remainder as security for the freight and primage of the whole. In all this, he has acted in accordance with the settled law, as it. has appeared to me from the cases I have cited; and I am of opinion, therefore, that the judgment of the court below ought to be affirmed, so far as it decrees to the master the payment of his expenses and disbursements. By Mr. Senator Sherman. The right of the defendant in error to recover in the court below has been questioned on various grounds taken by counsel; bnt the important question is, was the captain of the brig William Henry justi — 333 — fiable in detaining the 50 hogsheads of tobacco, a part of her cargo, for his own indemnity? and this must depend on (lie question whether lie has a lieu upon the freight as against the owner for necessary repairs and supplies procured for the vessel in a foreign port, upon his personal liability, A question was raised as to the effect of the libel filed in the district court of the United States. The object of this libel was to settle the title to the vessel, and to recover possession of her by Shaw, to whom she had been sold in the absence of the captain ; and as he was a party to that libel suit, it was contended he is barred from recovering here. The only question settled by that court was the ownership of the vessel. The question of lien on the fieight did not come before that court nor enter into its decision ; nor was Depau a party to that libel, from whom the freight was due as consignee. Another point made in this case was, that Ingersoll, the captain, was a trespasser in proceeding to New-Orleans with the vessel, and, acting in his own wrong, was not entitled to the claim he has set up in this case. This point is not, I think, sustained by the facts of the case. He was regularly employed by the former owners, or their agents, and took possession on the 3d of July, 1822, before the date of Shaw’s bill of sale; and Shaw, instead of rescinding his command afterwards, acquiesced in the voyage, and stated in the libel which be filed that Ingersoll took command of the vessel by virtue of the agreement with the former owner, and was at the time of the conveyance to him, and continued to be the commander thereof. It further appears that Shaw received the earnings of the vessel after her arrival at New-York, and that the conduct of the captain was that of a judicious, prudent and careful master. The main question then is, has a captain of a vessel a lien on the freight for necessary disbursements and liabilities entered into in a foreign port on account of such vessel ? The captain is always the agent of the owner of the ship; but not of the cargo, unless specially so created, or unless from necessity he is obliged to act in the capacity of captain — 334 — and supercargo. The freight or earnings of the vessel be]ongS (0 the owner, and he or the captain as his agent has a a *ien UP011 anc' a ''S'1*-t0 detain the goods shipped until the freight money is paid. The captain’s claim for his own wages is founded upon his contract with the owner; and being a personal claim, he has no lien upon the ship in case they are not paid ; but bis claim against the owner for necessary disbursements and repairs for the ship abroad is not founded on contract, but arises from necessity and rests upon a different principle. It is settled law, and has never been disputed, that a person furnishing repairs or necessaries for a ship in a foreign port has a three-fold claim: a right of action against the captain, against the owner, and a lien upon the ship and cargo; and that the captain, in order to pay for such necessary repairs and charges, may hypothecate the vessel, cargo and freight, by bottomry or respondentia bond; that such a bond is a lien upon the ship and cargo and follows her home, and has a right to be paid before any other claim except seamen’s wages. If the captain has this power, what reason is there why he should not have the same lien in case he pays for the repairs with his own money, or becomes personally liable for them 1 Does he not stand in the same light as the person advancing money on bottomry 1 It is a principle of law, if one man holds a lien on property, and another acting as the agent of the owner of the property discharges the claim, he becomes entitled to all the rights of the lien holder. But it has been said that the principle of giving the captain a lien under the circumstances of this case would be embarrassing to commerce and the interest of merchants and ship owners. I apprehend no such consequences would follow. What would be the difference to the ship owner or consignee, or any one else interested in the vessel or cargo, whether the lien is held by the captain or the holder of a bottomry bond ? If there is any difference, I apprehend it is in favor of the latter holding the lien ; for a person advancing on bottomry may charge any rate of interest agreed upon without violating the usury law; whereas the captain would be confined to the legal rate of interest, — 335 — Besides, it may happen in a foreign port that no one can be found willing to advance for or on account of the ship, and she be thus prevented from pursuing her voyage. How does this case stand on the score of authorities % In England there appears to have been some clashing opinions on the question, whether a captain of a vessel has a lien under circumstances similar to this case. In 4 Esp. 22, Lord Kenyon, at nisi prius, decided that a captain who had made necessary advances for the ship in a foreign port and entered into liabilities, had a lien on the freight for his own indemnity. This was a question between the captain and the owner, or his assignees, to whom the consignee of the goods had paid the freight money. In 8 Robinson's Adm. Rep. 240, Sir W. Scott says that a captain of a vessel in a foreign port, in order to make necessary repairs to enable him to proceed on the voyage, may bottomry ship, cargo and freight by a bond, to be paid in 24 hours after her return home; or he may, if it becomes necessary, sell any part of her cargo for that purpose. Hussey v. Christie, 13 Vesey, jun., 594, was a case in equity where the captain claimed a lien on the freight against the owner or his assignee, being an application by the owner for an injunction to restrain the consignee from paying over the freight to the captain, who claimed on the ground of having made disbursements for the ship abroad. The injunction was refused, the lord chancellor deciding that he had a lien on ship and cargo in such cases; and he observed, in delivering his opinion, that it may be very beneficial for owners that the master should be able to procure the repairs by bis own means; for in some foreign ports he may not be able to find a person willing to advance on the credit of the ship ¿ and because the captain cannot hypothecate to himself for advances, he shall for that reason have a lien when he does advance. This case was decided in 1807, and was sent down by the lord chancellor to the judges of the king’s bench for their opinion. That opinion is reported in 9 East, 426. The judges decided that they knew of no case at common law giving the captain such a lien, and Lord Eldon says, “ I disclaim the right now to originate one.” — 336 — The case of Atkinson v. Cotesworth, 5 Dowl, & Ryl. 552, -wag decided upon the authority of the case above referred to, ant' & case on which the counsel for the plaintiff in error principally depended. In 3 Ves. fy Beame, in 1814, geven years afterwards, is another case in equity, of the lien claimed by the captain on the freight for repairs abroad. The lord chancellor again sanctioned the doctrine, and observed, “ In such cases of repairs of ships the authorities seem to establish the lien.” Hence it appears that the king’s bench and the court of equity in England are at variance in opinion on this subject. The American authorities generally go to establish the lien in favor of the captain. . The captain paid the export duties abroad which were necessary to enable the ship to proceed on her voyage—decided, that he had a lien on the freight for the same. 2 Caines’ Rep. 81. The United States district court decided that money paid abroad by the captain for mariners’ wages and necessaries furnished the vessel are liens on the ship, and directed the same to be paid out of remnants and surplus. 1 Peters’ Adm. Rep. 223. Judge Story decided that the master of a ship has a lien on the freight for all advances made abroad for ships’ use, and may intercept it to reimburse himself. 3 Mason’s Rep. 255. He observes, alluding to the case in 9 East, 426, “ It has been said that the common law affords no such lien in England ; but their courts of equity seem determined to uphold it. Our courts have on several occasions adopted and enforced it.” In 11 Mass. Rep. 72, the same principle is sanctioned. The captain’s right to retain may be enforced against the owner himself. It does not appear from the authorities referred to on either side that there was any settled common law in England on this question prior to the revolution. It was res integra before that period. It is important that this principle in our state should be established settled law, for the information — 337 — of that portion of the community more immediately interested. I cannot reconcile the principle of the English decision in 9 East to my ideas of justice ; that a captain of a ship, after encountering the perils of the sea and expending his money and incurring liabilities to repair the ship of his owner to enable him to complete the voyage and bring home her earnings, and on his return finds his owner a bankrupt and his effects made over to assignees, shall not only lose his wages, but the money he has expended, appears to me unjust. This, to be sure, is a strong case; but a ship master is differently situated from a person employed on land, who can watch and look after his interest. Changes in the commercial community are frequent and sudden. In the present case the captain on his return home found that the ship had been sold to a stranger, residing in another state, and the consignee of the cargo notified not- to pay him any portion of the freight money. These are strong circumstances shewing to my mind the propriety of a lien on the ship’s earnings. I am therefore of opinion that the judgment of the supreme court is right as far forth as it supports the master’s claim for responsibilities assumed by him; but that the court erred in allowing the plaintiff below to recover for his wages. By Mr. Senator Todd. Under the facts in this case, the plaintiff in the court below contended that as master he had a general lien on the goods as well as on the freight for his wages and the amount of moneys expended on the brig for repairs and other necessary charges. Two questions arise out of this claim: 1. Whether he has any lien as against the owner of the brig for wages; 2. Whether he has a lien for repairs and moneys expended on the brig to indemnify himself for his individual liability. The first branch of the inquiry has often been a subject of judicial determination, and many cases are to be found which bear strongly upon it, and it usually is determined from the relation which exists between the owner and master. The master is the agent of the owner, is in his employment, and whatever he does must be for the benefit of bis employer. — 338 — The agent cannot upon any principle interpose and prevent t^e owner from receiving the freight which bis vessel has earned. It is true the charterer may pay the freight to the master, and this will discharge him from liability to the owner. This, however, must be understood as applicable to the case where the owner is merely passive and d.oes not interpose and claim the paymant to be made directly to him. Wherever such a claim is interposed, the freight must be paid to him to whom it is due, and a payment to the master would be no discharge. The master’s lien for wages can only attach upon the freight when he has received it; he then can retain it as against the owner, and not before. A different rule would present the case of a discharged master interposing his claim and preventing the freighter from paying freight to the owner, and indeed enable him to maintain his action of trover for the goods, if his claim was not settled. It cannot be necessary for the security of the master, and commercial policy would not sanction such a rule; his contract with the owner is upon his personal liability, and he gains no lien until he actually receives freight, and upon that it attaches. The following cases support the rule which I have stated : Wilkins v. Carmichael, Doug. 105. Lord Mansfield, in delivering the opinion of the court, says,“ As to wages, there was no particular contract that the ship should be a pledge; there is no usage in trade to that purport, nor any implication from the nature of the dealing. On the contrary, the law has always considered the captain as contracting personally with the owner.” Smith v. Plummer, 1 Barn. & Ald. 575. Hussey v. Christie, 9 East, 426. Abbott on Ship, by Story, 142. Atkinson v. Cotesworlh, 5 Dowl. & Ryl. 552. The other branch of inquiry is, how far can the master retain to satisfy his claim for moneys expended on the ship, or has he a lien on the goods for such repairs as are necessary, and moneys paid for the use of the ship, and which he has either paid out of his own money or become personally liable to pay. The master has the power of hypothecating both vessel and cargo for debts accrued on the ship’s account. Upon general principles, I can see no difference between the master having a lien for moneys expended, and giving that — 339 — lien to another who expends his money for the same purpose. It can make no difference with the owner to whom he is indebted for the repairs, whether to a foreign capitalists or to the captain. As a matter of convenience to the owner, his interest would be promoted by permitting the captain to have the lien, affording a much more convenient opportunity of paying off the incumbrance to him than to a foreigner. The lien of the foreigner ceases when he permits the vessel to go out of his possession; so would that of the captain ; but so long as he retains possession of the vessel or cargo, so long his lien will remain. In this case the defendant in error did retain possession of the goods on the ground of enforcing his claim for moneys expended on the vessel and for her use. I think he had a right so to retain possession, and that he can maintain this action against the person with whom the goods were deposited for the amount of such claim, he having delivered them to the owner, but that he could not so retain for wages; and to the extent of the. wages allowed, the judgment should be reversed and affirmed for the residue. There are some strong reasons against the conclusion to which I have come. It is said, and with truth, that much inconvenience would arise to the owner if he could not remove the master, let his conduct be ever so improper, (and indeed, owing to the conduct of the master, the expenses may have become necessary,) still it is better to leave that matter to be adjusted in some appropriate tribunal, than to'displace the captain from the vessel, in the repairs of which he may have expended large sums of money, and become more interested in her preservation than even the owner. There is another strong objection to this action, arising from the liability of the owner to the person making the repairs : for the person making the repairs has a triple remedy against the vessel, against the captain, and against the owner; and if the captain recovers against the owner, and misapplies the proceeds of such recovery, the claim of the person making the advances still remains against the owner; he is thus liable to be prosecuted in two suits; and it is questionable how far one suit would be a bar to the other. This is the general rule, but where the credit is given to the own — 340 — cr, the captain is not liable, Farmer v. Davies, 1 T. R. 108; and it would seem that the same reasons should operate to exonerate the owner, where the credit was given to the captain. In this case the disbursements were made by William Ken non & Co. on tire responsibility of the captain, and his note was taken when the account was liquidated. It certainly could not have been that these disbursements were made on the responsibility of Shaw, the true owner ; because he did not become the owner until the 22d July, 1822, and it could not have been known to Ken non & Co. that he was owner, and especially as the brig was consigned on the 8th June, on behalf of Driggs, the pretended owner. Their acceptance of Ingersoll’s note and parting with the lien they had on the brig would undoubtedly discharge the brig from their lien ; and under the circumstances in this case, I think also that Shaw would not be liable to Kennon & Co. for the amount of their disbursements. The current of recent authorities is that the captain has a lien on the goods for the disbursements made for the vessel; White v. Baring et al., 4 Esp. N. P. 22, is a strong case to this point; it is true it is onty a nisi prius case, and is entitled to no more respect than is usually accorded to such decisions. Lord Kenyon, in that case, says that the captain having made himself liable for articles furnished to the ship, acquired a lien on the goods and freight, and that such lien was coextensive with the liability to the ship’s creditors. The following American cases proceed upon the same ground: Lane v. Penniman, 4 Mass. Rep>. 92; Lewis v. Hancock & Winslow, 11 id. 72; Canning v. Snow, 11 id. 415; Milward v. Hallet, 2 Caines, 77. The verdict in this case embracing the wages as well as the primage and responsibilities, and judgment having been rendered for the whole amount, is must be reversed. On the question being put, it appeared that the members of the court were unanimously of opinion that the judgment of the supreme court was erroneous in allowing the master to recover for his wages, but that for the residue the judgment was right. — 341 — Whereupon a question arose whether the judgment of the supreme court would be affirmed in part and reversed in part, and at a subsequent day, The Chancellor stated the rule to be, that when distinct judgments are given by the court below, as for instance a judgment for damages and a judgment for costs, one may be reversed and the other affirmed ; but when the judgment is entire, there must be a total affirmance or reversal. 8 Johns. R. 111, 558. 12 id. 340, 434. 13 id. 460. 14 id. 417. In the special verdict in this case, the jury had staled the several amounts of the several items, but yet if the supreme court should be of opinion that the plaintiff was entitled to recover, they assessed his damages at a gross sum, and for that sum the court had given judgment. The judgment therefore as to the damages was entire, and there must be a total reversal, with directions to the supreme court to award a venire de nova, so that the jury on the second trial might be instructed not to allow for the master’s wages in the verdict that they should pronounce. It was thereupon allowed that the judgment of the supreme court must be reversed in toto with costs; whereupon a decree was entered to that effect, and by consent of parties the following addition was made thereto: that a venire de nova be awarded by the supreme court, unless the defendant in error remit $140 (the amount of the master’s wages) and the interest of that sum from the time of the termination of the voyage down to the time of rendering the verdict; and if the defendant do so, then that the supreme court give judgment for the balance of the damages included in the verdict, with costs in the supreme court.