Sullivan v. Fosdick

Davis, P. J.: In deciding this case, the learned referee, William M. Pritchard, Esq., delivered the following opinion: “In November, 1853, Dominique Stromener, an ecclesiastic, residing at Jeremie, in the Republic of Hayti, sent to defendants’ testator drafts due about 1st March, 1851, and then paid, for $1,000, which amount he desired Mr. Delafield to retain and allow him interest — 178 — upon it. Mr. Delafield declined to allow interest if lie was to be liable to refund tbe money on demand; and it was thereupon agreed between, them, that in order to withdraw said money Stromener must draw on Delafield at thirty days or more after sight, and that Delafield should allow interest at six per cent per annum. “ On 7th March, 1855, Delafield writes to Stromener: ‘According to my anterior agreement, I have credited you with $210, being interest for one year from 1st March, 1851, to 1st March, 1855, on the $1,000 of yours which I have in my possession.’ “In 1856 or 1857, Stromener died at Jeremie. In the course of 1857, his death was known to Delafield, and familiarly spoken of by him. The paper which has been admitted to probate as his will bears date 18th January, 1856. No evidence is given that Stromener, in his lifetime, ever drew for the money, or any part of it, or for the interest credited on 1st March, 1855, or that any draft was ever made for it until plaintiff made such draft upon defendants on 26th January, 1876. “I. It is claimed by defendants that the lapse of time (more than twenty years), from the time of the deposit affords a legal presumption of payment. It is not claimed, however, that action could have been maintained against Mr. Delafield until after a draft at thirty days’ sight should have been dishonored; nor is it attempted to be shown, as matter of fact, that any such draft was drawn prior to that by plaintiff as administrator. “ Undoubtedly, as matter of reason, there is ground for arguing ' that where a contract or transaction has left it optional with a creditor at any time, by notice or other act, to make the debt due after a certain interval, it may just as well be presumed, after suitable lapse of time, that the notice has been given, and payment made, as payment alone may be presumed when debt is due without notice. But presumptions, like other limitations, do. not depend upon the reasons applicable to a particular case. They depend solely upon authority, either of statute or of a course of judicial decisions; and upon authority, it is clear that presumption, of j>ayment arises only • upon a lapse of time after the cause of action has accrued. The rule is so stated by the text-books (Greenleaf, Phillips) and its application is well illustrated in such cases as Halden v. Crafts (4 E D. Smith, 490); Baird v. Walker (12 Barb., 298); Sweet v. Irish — 179 — (26 id., 467). Payne v. Gandiner (29 N. Y., 146) lays down the same rule, tbe judges only differing upon the question whether it applies to that particular case. “ The opinion of Judge Woodruff, in Halden v. Crafts, is an able vindication of the rule. “ II. Many of the authorities cited by counsel were to the effect that presumptions arising from lapse of time may be repelled by proof of circumstances explaining delay, as for instance, in 1 Starlde Nisi Prius Cases, 101, where plaintiff had resided abroad for the last twenty years, and it seems that such proof is admissible. But I have not specially considered that point, having come to the conclusion that presumption of payment did not attach in the present case. “ III. It is objected, by defendants’ counsel, that the paper proved as a will of Stromener is not a will within the meaning of 3 (Revised Statutes, 152, section 68 (5th ed.). “ The sole requirement of that section for a will of personal estate executed by a person residing out of this State is, that it should be executed according to the laws of the State or country in which it was made. “ The laws of Hayti (Code Civil) have been put in .evidence, and contain the following provisions: “ ‘Art. 778. A will may be oligraphic, or made by public act, or in the mystic form. “ ‘Art. 779. An oligraphic will shall not be valid unless it is written entirely, dated and signed by the hand of the testator. It is not subject to any other formality.’ “Afterwards, at section 813, the formalities for probate of such will in Hayti are prescribed. “ The will in question is quite informal, but its substance and meaning are clearly and simply testamentary. Can it be doubted that the identical paper, if executed in this State in the manner required by our statute, would be entitled to probate ? “It is shown to have been executed according to the laws of Hayti, and duly admitted to probate' there; and an authenticated copy of the will and probate having been produced before the surrogate of New York, he has adjudged and decreed that the will had been duly admitted, that the copy had been duly authenticated, and that letters of administration should issue thereon. — 180 — “ IV. But it is claimed tliat the surrogate liad uo jurisdiction to issue letters upon such will. “ The surrogate’s jurisdiction does not depend in the least upon the will. Tie must have jurisdiction on other grounds, and then the statute requires the copy will to be presented to ‘ the surrogate having jurisdiction.’ “ The ground of jurisdiction here is a plain one, that the decedent left assets within this county. If defendants deny that fact because the claim against Mr. Delafield may be invalid, that would be a mere begging of the question. The claim itself, if made in good faith, is assets without reference to the final result of a suit upon it. “ V. In this view and for the purposes of this action, it can hardly be material whether the will is valid or not. Upon the single fact of a decedent having left assets in the county, the surrogate had jurisdiction, and the public administrator, in the absence of relar fives, etc., was entitled to letters of administration. It makes no difference as to his powers whether they are issued with the will annexed or without. The difference is in the manner of distribution. “VI. It would have been a shorter, and perhaps an equally proper and effectual mode of disposing of the fourth point of defendant’s counsel, to say that, after all, the mode of appointment of plaintiff was not open to objection by defendants in this action. “ If this is a valid claim against their testator they will be abundantly protected in paying it to the plaintiff. (2 Edm. St., 80, § 47; 2 id., 82, § 56.) “The letters of administration are sufficient evidence 'primafaoie to establish plaintiff’s representative capacity. (Belden v. Meeker, 47 N. Y., 310.) “Payment to an administrator, duly appointed, is a bar to a second action, even though the intestate was not dead and appointment had been obtained by fraud. The decision of the surrogate that the requisite jurisdictional facts exist, is conclusive until regularly reversed or vacated, and will protect all innocent parties acting on the faith of it. (Roderigas v. E. R. Savings Institution, N. Y. Court of Appeals ; reported in American Law Register, for April, 1876; 63 N. Y., 460.) “VII. The statute (3 R. S. [5th ed.], p. 157, § 22) makes no such — 181 — limitation upon the authority of an administrator with the will annexed as is claimed in the brief of defendant’s counsel. “ On the contrary, it is the obvious duty of any executor or administrator to collect and administer the entire personal estate within his jurisdiction. Our statute specially regulates the distribution of the surplus after all the requirements of the will are satisfied. (2 R. S. [1st ed.], 96, § Y5.) The whole system of our statutes is inconsistent with the theory that the powers of an executor or administrator with the will annexed, are limited to fulfilling the requirements of the will. The same principle and practice prevail in other States. (Parris v. Cobb, 5 Richardson’s Eq., 450; Hays v. Jackson, 6 Mass., 149.) “VIII. A question of detail remains as to the exact amount of plaintiff’s recovery. "What was the effect, if any, of Mr. Delafield’s letter of March Y, 1855, informing Stromener that he had credited him with $240, being interest for one year, to 1st of March, 1855, on the $4,000, in the absence, so far as appears, of any answer from Stromener ? “Was it added to the principal, so as itself to bear interest ? I think not. If Stromener had chosen to call for payment of interest at any time I suppose he would have been entitled to it on demand, and Mr. Delafield had expressly refused ■ to allow interest on any sum payable on demand. “ Did that letter have the effect of separating the $240 from the principal and making it due, so that any statute of limitations might run against it ? Apparently not. According to Payne v. Gardner, cited above, action could not have been maintained for that $240 without previous demand, and the statute of limitations would not apply to it. “ On the whole, I am of opinion that the letter merely informed Stromener of an existing fact, and had no legal effect whatever; that the true principal sum is $4,000, and that the interest incident to it runs from 24th February, 1854, at six per cent, and runs at that rate to the present time. When a contract calls for interest at less than the lawful rate, the same rate of interest continues after the debt becomes due, and until judgment. (Miller v. Buroughs, 4 Johns. Ch., 436; Van Beuren v. Van Gaasbeck,, 4 Cowen, 496; N. Y. L. and T. Co. v. Manning, 3 Sandf. Oh. [m. p.], 58.)” — 182 — This opinion covers, with admirable ability and clearness, every important question raised upon the trial, or on this appeal, but one. A careful examination of the case has led us to the same conclusions reached by the referee in respect to the points considered by him; and it is unnecessary, for that reason, to do more than adopt his opinion as our own. In respect to the question so elaborately and ably argued by the learned counsel for the appellant, whether a demand was necessary in this case, in order to set the statute of limitations in motion, we are of opinion that the question is disposed of by the case of Payne v. Gardiner (29 N. Y., 146), which holds, in substance, that a demand is necessary before action, in the case of a deposit with an individual who is not a banker, trustee or agent. But in this case, a demand was required by the express agreement between the parties ; and the precise form of demand was specified by the agreement to be a draft at thirty or sixty days’ sight. In such a case we see no reason to doubt that the defendant’s testator could have protected himself against any action brought by the plaintiff’s testator at any time prior to such demand. In respect to the presumption that such demand had been made, so that the statute commenced to run long enough before the beginning of this action to bar the recovery, it may be suggested, in addition to the reasons presented by the learned referee, that it does not appear in the case that any person was authorized to make the demand, from the. time of the death of Stromener, in 1857, -until the probate of his will before the courts of Hayti, in 1875. Upon such a state of facts it is very questionable whether the presumption of a demand has any ground to stand upon, notwithstanding the great lapse of time since the deposit of the money. Under the case of Roderigas v. East River Savings Institution (63 N. Y., 460) the appellants will be fully protected in making payment of. the demand to the respondent. The judgment should be affirmed, with costs. Brady and Daniels, JJ., concurred. Judgment affirmed, with costs.