People ex rel. Donahue v. French

Smith, J.: The place held by the relator as a stoker or fireman on one of the steam engines belonging to the fire department of the city of Buffalo is not a public office, in the full sense of the word. The incumbent takes no official oath, and is not liable to indictment for official misconduct as such. He is an employe, not an officer. In Sullivan v. The Mayor (53 N. Y., 652; S. C., in full, 47 How., 491) the Court of Appeals held, that the janitor of a public building in the city of New York, appointed by official authority, is not a public officer, but an employe. But although the relator was not a public officer, his employment was of a public character, and [257] not a mere private contract, limiting his remedy, in case of a breach, to an action against the other contracting party for damages. The position held by the relator is of like nature. The position occupied by him was created by public statute, which aiso prescribed the mode of appointment and removal by official action, and the compensation was fixed by the common council of the city under the authority of the statute, which prescribed that such compensation should not be increased or diminished during the term of service of the incumbent. (Act of 1870, chap. 519, title 3, § 4.) We think, therefore, the position and the duties and rights attached to it, were of such a nature, although not strictly official, as that the relator, if wrongfully displaced, has a remedy by maeidamus. The power of the superintendent of the fire department to remove employes in his department, is given by the statute, in these words: “ He may suspend, and for cause and after a hearing, dismiss, any fireman or employe of the department.” This is a distinct limitation of the power of removal to cases in which cause for removal is found to exist, after a hearing has been had. The maxim expressio unius est exclusio alternes, is applicable to statutes as well as to contracts. (Broom’s Legal Maxims, 637 [6th Am. ed.], and cases cited in note 3.) It is especially applicable to the clause of a statute defining the powers of a new office created by the statute itself. The clause being restrictive, is to be construed as if it read, “ he shall not dismiss, etc., except for cause and after a hearing,” in which case the limitation could not be questioned. (People ex rel. McCune v. Board of Police, 19 N. Y., 188; People ex rel. Miller v. Same, 52 How. Pr. R., 289, 301; People ex rel. Gorman v. Same, 35 Barb., 527.) The counsel for the defendant is understood to concede that the clause is thus restrictive in respect to cases to which it is applicable, but he 'contends that it applies only to firemen and employes appointed by the same superintendent who attempts to exercise the power of removal, and not to those appointed by his predecessors in office. Or, to state the position of the counsel in another way, no superintendent can remove any fireman or employe appointed by himself, except for cause and after a hearing, but he may remove, at his discretion, those who were appointed before [258] he was inducted into office. That construction does violence to the language, and as we think, to the intent of the statute. The words of the statute are very plain, and they cannot be construed as above suggested, without interpolating language which the legislature ha3 not seen fit to employ. Our attention has been called by the defendant’s counsel to a clause of the charter not referred to in the opinion of the learned judge at Special Term, which provides that “ all persons appointed under this act shall, unless otherwise provided, hold during the pleasure of the person or body by whom they were appointed. (Title 2, § 62.) If it is supposed by counsel that this clause applies to the term of employes appointed by the superintendent of the fire department, the position cannot be maintained. The provision relates exclusively to officers appointed under the act. This is apparent from the subject-matter of the title in which it is found, and from the context. The title relates to “officers,” and the latter clause of the same section shows that the appointees referred to are those having terms of office. The language of the remainder of the section is, “ when it is provided that the appointee shall hold for one or more years, the term of office shall expire on the first Monday >f January; but such persons may hold over until his successor eiders upon his office.” Again, if the provision applies to employes appointed by the superintendent of the fire department, then all such appointees are removable by the incumbent of that office at his pleasure, whether appointed by himself or by his predecessor. Such a construction is inconsistent with the language of the last clause of section 3, title 13, in whichever way it be interpreted. We are of the opinion that the order and judgment appealed from should be affirmed with costs. Ten other cases, depending upon the same question, were submitted with this case, and the parties stipulated that the same order shall be entered in them as in this. The like order may be entered in each of them accordingly. Present — Talcott, P. J., Smith and Merwin, JJ. Order and judgment affirmed, with costs in this and ten other cases mentioned in the stipulation submitted herein.