Tate v. McCormick

Gilbert, J.: This action was brought to recover rent which had accrued upon: a lease between the plaintiff as lessor, and one ITyde as lessee. The lease bears date February 24, 1877, and demised a part of premises, known as Lefferts’ Park for a term of three years. On the same, day the lease was made, Hyde assigned it to the defendant. On February 23, 1878, the defendant assigned the lease to one Gourlay.. A recovery was had for rent which fell due after the latter-assignment was made. The case contains no exceptions. A. motion was made for a new trial, and denied, and this appeal is. from the order denying a new trial as well as from the judgment. Such a motion may now be made upon exceptions, or because the verdict is contrary to law. (Code of Oiv. Pro., § 999.) An appeal may be taken from an order made by a County Court, which affects a substantial right. (Id., § 1342.) Has a party then a right to-have a verdict set aside which is contrary to law ? If he has, the whole case is before us for review, upon the law as well as the facts. "We think he has such right, for the reason that the power to set aside a verdict was given for the promotion of justice. Therefore, suitors have a right to insist on the exercise of the power in a proper case. (MacDougall v. Paterson, 11 C. B., 772 Mayor v. Furze, 3 Hill, 612.) We are of opinion also, that the verdict in this case is contrary-law. An assignee of a lease may always discharge himself from liability for subsequent "breaches of the covenant to pay rent by assigning over. Privity of estate is the sole foundation of the [221] assignee’s liability. It follows, therefore, that an actual assignment by such assignee of his interest to another, determines the privity of estate between him and the reversioners. A merely colorable •or fictitious assignment of a lease, which does not accomplish an actual transfer of the interest of the assignor in the demised premises, but leaves him in the rightful possession and enjoyment thereof, is a nullity. But if the assignment be absolute and valid, it operates at once to transfer the interest of the assignor, and that interest includes the possession of the demised premises. It is not •necessary to the completion of the transfer, that the second assignee .-should make an actual entry into possession of the demised premises. In contenrplation of law, possession follows the deed. The possession of an assignor after he has made an assignment may be .a badge of fraud, but in the absence of evidence that the assignment was ineffectual to accomplish the transfer which it purported to make, such continued possession by the assignor does not destroy its legal effect. Nor is it material that the assignment was made solely for the purpose of ridding the assignor of the charge. He may assign to one who cannot be sued, to a beggar, or to one to whom he has given a bonus to accept the assignment. Such facts •do not impeach the validity of an assignment. Nor does mere possession without right. The authorities on this subject are .numerous and accordant. (2 Platt on Leases, 416, et seq.; Tayl. Land. & Ten., § 452; Wash. R. P., bk. 2, ch. 1, § 1, ¶¶ 15, 16, and cases therein cited.) The cases cited by the respondent’s counsel do not conflict with the rule stated. In Carter v. Hammett (18 Barb., 608), the defendants had judgment on the ground that they were not assignees of the lease. In Holsman v. De Gray (6 Abb. Pr., 79), the plaintiff recovered because the defendant was in the •occupation of the demised premises under an assignment of the lease: In Astor v. Lamoreaux (4 Sandf., 524), the Superior Court merely decided that the equitable owner of a lease, in actual possession of the demised premises, was liable as assignee thereof. This ease was reversed by the Court of Appeals (4 Seld., 107), but without any discussion of the merits involved in it. No evidence was given upon the trial for the purpose of showing, ■or which justified the inference, that the assignment to Gourlay [222] was invalid. Nor was the question whether the assignment was-fraudulent, or colorable, or fictitious, considered by the court or by the jury. Some evidence was given tending to show that the defendant had claimed some benefit from the use of the premises by others, while Gourlay was the nominal assignee of the lease. But in our judgment the evidence wás insufficient to show that Gourlay was not a real assignee of the lease. The verdict rests exclusively upon the fact that the defendant continued in possession of the demised premises after the assignment to Gourlay. But the fact of possession alone is not sufficient to impose liability upon an assignee of a lease, for rent which accrued either after he had assigned over, or before the assignment to him, for the reason that, mere possession without title creates no privity. Such possession may be under a license, or that of a tenant by sufferance, or 'of a trepasser, out of neither of which can privity of estate with the reversioner arise. We should have much hesitation in sustaining the verdict upon the evidence on which it was founded, even if the rule of law laid down had been correct. But as there must be a new trial for the other reasons stated, it is needless, and, perhaps, improper to discuss that evidence. Judgment and order denying a new trial reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event. Dykman, J., concurred; Barnard, P. J., dissented. Judgment and order denying new trial reversed, and new trial granted; costs to abide event.