Wandell v. Edwards

LeaRNed, P. J.: The phrase “ circumstances in mitigation of damages ” had been principally used in actions of slander or libel. It referred usually to such circumstances as tended to disprove malice. These circumstances, of course, did not tend to diminish the actual damages which the plaintiff had suffered. But they did tend to lessen the punitive or exemplary damages which might be recovered against the defendant, to punish him, or to serve as an example, in excess of the actual damages. (Sedg. Meas. Dam., 540.) So in actions for personal wrongs the defendant, who does not deny that the verdict [500] must pass against him, may give evidence to show that the plaintiff in some degree brought the thing upon herself. (Fraser v. Berkeley, (7 Carr & Payne, 621.) And when the words “ in mitigation ” are used in cases other than those of slander and libel, I suppose that they still refer to such damages as are punitive or exemplary. In this sense I think the words are used in the Code of Civil Procedure. (Sec. 536.) Because, on a general denial, it always has been, and must necessarily be, proper to give evidence tending to reduce or mitigate (if that word is used) the actual damages suffered by a plaintiff. The language of that section is “ mitigate or otherwise reduce.” But the section certainly cannot mean that in actions for a personal injury the defendant must specially set up in Bis answer the circumstances which show that the plaintiff was not injured as much as he claims. For instance, in an action for assault and battery, if the plaintiff proved the assault and gave evidence tending to show that he was laid up six weeks, the defendant might show that the plaintiff was out the next day, without having pleaded this in the answer. For the reason that such evidence only goes to the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff. But if the case were one which, on the plaintiff’s showing, appeared to authorize a jury to give punitive damages beyond the plaintiff’s actual injury, then probably, under this section, the defendant could not give evidence in mitigation of those punitive damages unless he had pleaded specially. In Willover v. Hill (72 N. Y., 36), where the couzt enforced the rule that circumstances in mitigation must be pleaded, we can see what such circumstances were. The action was for slander. The defendant offered to show that a third person had brought to her reports of a character similar to those which she had uttered. This evidence did not tend to reduce the actual damages of the plaintiff but it tended to reduce punitive damages. It was, therefore, “ a mitigation,” and, not having been pleaded specially, could not De admitted. Whether or not in an action for seduction punitive damages can be recovered, it is not necessary to examine, because thé learned judge who tried the case did not charge that there could be any recovery except for actual damages. Of course these actual damages under the first count included the grief and injury to the feelings, etc. There were two counts, one for seduction, strictly so-called, [501] alleged to have taken place January 24, 1879; tbe other for debauching in February, 1880, from which act the daughter became pregnant and gave birth to a child. The defendant had offered to prove that prior to January, 24, 1879, the plaintiff’s daughter had had connection with a person named, other than defendant. This was excluded on the ground that it had not been set up in the answer. And all evidence which had been previously given of lascivious conduct prior to January 24, 1879, was, on the same ground, stricken out on plaintiff’s motion. The court charged that if the plaintiff had made out a case they were to make no reduction on the ground of lewd acts and lascivious conduct of plaintiff’s daughter prior to January 24, 1879. Thus we have the question fairly presented, whether .prior want of chastity of the plaintiff’s daughter tended to reduce the actual damages which he suffered, in grief and injury to the feelings, by reason of the alleged seduction. In Ford v. Jones (62 Barb., 484), in an action by the woman herself for seduction, this kind of evidence was admitted. Judge Pottee says: “ Unless a distinction is permitted by the admission of evidence to this point the lascivious wanton is put upon an equality with her of personal chastity and virtue.” In Bracy v. Kibbe (31 Barb., 273) ’the court say: “One of the considerations entering into the question of damages is the supposed loss on the part of the parent of the society of a chaste and pure daughter. If, therefore, the daughter had already become impure, the loss in that respect would be much less.” Thus the court show that the previous unchastity of the daughter affects the question of the actual damages suffered by the parent. And in actions of tort the question of actual damages is raised by a general denial. What actual injury a plaintiff has received is a part of his proof, to be met by counter-proof, without any special pleading. Thus in the ease of White v. Mortland (71 Ill., 250) it was held that the issue of not guilty involved the character of the daughter for chastity, and testimony might be given to show criminal intercourse of others with her prior to defendant’s alleged act. . Nor does it affect the question that this is a wrong to the plaintiff’s servant. If the plaintiff had given evidence (as he did) that by reason of defendant’s wrongful act the plaintiff had lost three [502] weeks of bis daughter’s service, the defendant could have given evidence that the plaintiff had lost only one, without specially pleading this. And so, when the plaintiff gives evidence of, 'or seeks to recover damages for, the injury to the feelings of which he had suffered by reason of the seduction, the defendant may show that this injury cannot be as great as the plaintiff claims, because of the previous impure character of the daughter. And he may show this, on a general denial, because it tends to show that the plaintiff did not suffer the actual damages which he claims. No exemplary damages were allowed in the case, and therefore that evidence was not given to mitigate them.' Judgment reversed, new trial granted, costs to abide event. Boakdman, J., dissented. Present — Learned,P. J., Bocees and Boardhan, J J. Judgment reversed, new tidal granted, costs to abide event.