Edick v. Green

Vann, J.: The affidavits upon which the warrant of attachment was granted do not state, in the precise language' of the Code, that the plaintiff has a cause of action for “ breach of contract, express or implied, other than a contract to marry,” but, as held in Lamkin v. Douglass (27 Hun, 517), it is not necessary that the affidavit should contain the exact words, if equivalent words are used. Evidence by which the judge may be lawfully satisfied of the truth of the matters required to be shown is sufficient. (Id.) The allegations of the complaint, which was one of the moving papers, are in form set forth and verified upon information and belief only, but the affidavit of Virgil, one of the defendants, states that he has read said complaint, knows its contents, and that it is true of his owu knowledge, except as to one statement, which is established by the plaintiff in a second affidavit, not a part of the verification. An inspection of the complaint, which thus became competent evidence of the facts therein set forth, shows that the action is upon contract only. The appellants insist that the plaintiff must state in his own affidavit the grounds upon which he claims the right to have an attachment issued, and that he may then prove facts to establish those grounds by the affidavits of other persons. There is no foundation in the statute for this position. (Code of Civil Pro., § 636.) The plaintiff is required to show two facts : (1.) That he has one of the causes of action specified in section 635. (2.) That the defendant comes within one of the provisions relating to non-residence, absence, fraud or concealment. He is required to show these facts by affidavit and may show them by the affidavit of himself alone, or of himself and others, or of others only, according to circumstances. The only authority cited by appellants to sustain their • position (Stewart v. Brown, 16 Barb., 567), was a case where an attachment — 206 — was issued' under the Revised Statutes by a justice of the peace. (2 R. S. [4th ed.], 431, §§ 24, 26.) As under that statute a written application specifying the grounds was required in addition to an affidavit, the authority has no application. Whether the papers show that the plaintiff has a cause of action against Byron Pond is a question not free from doubt. If this question were raised by oral evidence it would be better to leave it until the facts were fully developed by a trial, but as it rests upon a written agreement, that is set forth in full, it seems necessary to decide it now. In Lawrence v. Fox (20 N. Y., 268) it was held that an action would lie on a promise made by the defendant upon a valid consideration to a third person for the benefit of the plaintiff, although the plaintiff was not privy to the consideiation. In Burr v. Beers (24 N. Y., 178) it was held that a mortgagee could maintain an action at law against a grantee of the mortgaged premises, who had assumed to pay the incumbrance. In Davis v. Morris (36 N. Y., 569, 575) it was said that to bring the case within the principle of Lawrenve v. Fox, there must be an agreement to pay to the third person, not simply that the rent of certain premises should be paid from a certain fund. In Garnsey v. Rogers (47 N. Y., 233) it was held that a stipulation in a mortgage, whereby the mortgagee assumed and agreed to pay a prior mortgage on the premises, does not impose on the mortgagee a personal liability for the prior mortgage debt that can be enforced against him by the prior mortgagee, upon the ground that the promise was made for the benefit of the mortgagor only. In Claflin v. Ostrom (54 N. Y., 581) H. & O. were partners and H. sold out his interest to 0., who agreed to pay the firm debts mentioned in the agreement, and among them the debt of the plaintiffs. Defendant guaranteed performance of the agreement. H. having assigned his interest under the agreement and guaranty to the plaintiffs it was held by the Commission - of Appeals that they could recover either directly upon the guaranty, which they could adopt and enforce, or upon the assignments. In Merrill v. Green (55 N. Y., 270) it was held by the Court of Appeals that on a bond given with surety by one of two partners to the other on a dissolution of the firm, conditioned to pay the — 207 — debts of tbe firm, a creditor of tbe firm could not maintain an action as on a promise made for his benefit. In this case tbe court said: “ Green was liable witb Roberts for tbe payment of tbe firm debts. He agreed witb Roberts, upon a valid consideration, to assume tbe payment of tbe whole of tbe debts, and Nichols undertook that be should perform this contract. This was no agreement made by Green and Nichols with tbe creditors, or for their benefit, but one witb Roberts to exonerate him from bis liability for tbe debts of tbe firm.” In Arnold v. Nichols (64 N. Y., 117), where A. formed a partnership witb B. and transferred bis business assets to tbe firm, and tbe firm agreed to pay certain specified debts of A., and among them tbe plaintiff’s, the Court of Appeals held that tbe promise was made for tbe benefit of tbe creditors bolding tbe claims specified, and that an action could be maintained by such a creditor against tbe firm. That tbe promise was not made primarily nor directly for tbe benefit of A., as bis property was to be taken to pay tbe debts and be was still to remain liable as a principal. In Simson v. Brown (68 N. Y., 355) it was beld that a promise for a valid consideration by A. to B. gives no right of action to C., unless it was made for bis benefit and be was tbe party intended to be benefited. Tbe court said: “ It is true that in Merrill v. Green (supra) tbe name of tbe creditor is not mentioned in tbe instrument, either in tbe bond or in the condition. This makes no difference. Tbe condition was to pay all tbe indebtedness of tbe firm. The plaintiff in that case owned an indebtedness of tbe firm. He was a creditor, so that be was as fully indicated and included in tbe condition as though be bad been named in it.” In Root v. Wright (84 N. Y., 72) it was beld that a covenant in a deed absolute on its face, but intended simply as a mortgage, whereby tbe grantee assumed and agreed to pay a prior mortgage, gave no right of action against tbe grantee to tbe bolder of tbe mortgage, as be was neither a party to the contract nor tbe one for whose benefit it was made. In Seward v. Huntington (94 N. Y., 104) it was beld that creditors could not enforce an agreement that was not made for their benefit, but solely for that of the parties to tbe agreement, and which imposed no primary liability upon tbe latter. (Garnsey v. — 208 — Rogers, 47 N. Y., 241; Pardee v. Treat, 82 id., 385, and Root v. Wright, supra, are cited.) While it is not easy to reconcile these cases, they seem to unite in holding that the promise must be made for the benefit of the third person to enable him to enforce it. We think that from the form of the agreement the promise of the defendant Pond was not made for the benefit of the creditors of Virgil & Green. He does not agree to pay all the firm debts, which would necessarily include that of the plaintiff, but agrees to pay “ one-half the debts of said firm.” ( Wheat v. Rice, 97 N. Y., 296.) If this means one-half in amount, it would not necessarily include the plaintiff’s claim amounting to less than $800, for even as between Virgil and Pond, the agreement of the latter could be performed without paying the plaintiff anything, as the firm debts amounted to $4,300. If it means an undivided half of each firm debt outstanding, then Pond would be liable only for an undivided half of the claim of the plaintiff, even if the promise was made for his benefit. The object of a promise in that form, however, would seem to be for the benefit of Virgil, to relieve him of his obligation to his old partner Green, rather than for the benefit of creditors. As between Virgil and Green, each was liable for only one-half of the debts, while as between either and the firm creditors, each was liable for the whole. The agreement to pay an undivided half, therefore, would not, within the authorities, be a promise primarily for the benefit of creditors, but solely for the benefit of the parties. This view is strengthened by the covenant of Virgil to make up the deficiency, if the firm accounts should not be sufficient to pay the firm debts after prompt effort to collect on the part of Pond. This seems designed for the convenience of Virgil “ to secure equality of contribution” as between himself and pai’tner “in the payment of their joint obligations,” and not for the further security of the creditors holding those obligations. The agreement in effect is to collect and pay, and if there is a deficiency, to advance and pay one-half of that, with a covenant for repayment of the sum so advanced. This is not a substitution of the liability of Pond for the liability of Virgil, but an assumption by the former in aid of the latter, upon his promise to repay in the contingency named. Such an agreement “is not a promise made for the benefit — 209 — of the plaintiff, although he might be benefited by its performance.” (Pardee v. Treat, 82 N. Y., 385, 388, 389.) If this reasoning is correct it follows that no cause of action is shown to exist against the defendant Pond, and that the attachment against his property cannot be sustained. The evidence of fraud on the part of the defendant Green, is in the main, that he assigned “ his interest ” in the assets of Green & Pond to pay a debt he owed his wife for borrowed money. There is no suggestion that it was not an honest debt, or that he assumed to sell any more than his interest, which would be his share in the surplus after the firm debts were paid. The plaintiff cannot use the acts and declarations of Pond as evidence against Green. If Pond was guilty of fraud, that did not concern the plaintiff, as he had no claim against either Pond or the firm of Green & Pond. We do not think the evidence of fraud against Green alone is strong enough to sustain the attachment against him. The order should be reversed, with costs of appeal, and the attachment vacated, with costs of motion. Hardin, P. J. :* Plaintiff in his affidavit says “ that the amount of his claim on said causes of action is the sum of $235.92, over and. above all counter-claims, discounts and offsets known to deponent.” This follows a verified complaint which alleges positively the execution and delivery of one of the notes set out to plaintiff, and his ownership of it, and also alleges the other causes of action on information and belief. There is an affidavit of Virgil, one of the defendants, who is one of the original debtors as to all of the causes of action set out, in which affidavit it is alleged that the complaint is true except as to matters therein “respecting the indorsements and transfers of the promissory notes and causes of action therein named to said plaintiff, and as to those statements he is informed of them by the plaintiff herein, and believes them to be true, and said complaint is hereby made part of this affidavit.” These affidavits may b<rth be read in connection. • (White v. Reichert, 14 W. Dig., 285.) Tiae information, coupled with a statement of the source from which it was derived, may be used. The affidavits read together — 210 — make out a case substantially within the provisions of section 636, Code of Civil Procedure. (Bennett v. Edwards, 27 Hun, 352; Alford v. Cobb, 28 Hun, 22.) The affidavits as drawn make a compliance as to each cause of action. The whole amount of the causes of action is $235.92, and against that there are no counter-claims. In Murray v. Hankin (30 Hun, 38) the affidavit was by an agent and defective because it did not show there were no counter-claims known to plaintiff. Por that defect it was held bad, and Brady, J., incidentally remarked that “ the affidavits should perhaps show that as to each of the items there was no counter-claim,” etc. We think such is shown to be the case, in the affidavits before us. The complaint and the two affidavits referred to make out a compliance with the requirements of section 636, Code of Civil Procedure. The causes of action set out all arose on contract, and therefore the case in that regard was one where it was proper to apply for an attachment. (Code, § 636; Ruppert v. Haug, 87 N. Y., 141; Jacobs v. Hogan, 85 N. Y., 243.) The statute allows an attachment to issue when the defendant “ has removed or is about to remove property from the State with intent to defraud his or its creditors; or has assigned, disposed of or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of, or secrete property with the like intent.” However, as a cause of action as against Pond is not set out in the complaint, the attachment as to him ought not to stand. (See opinion of Vann, J., in Edick v. Green et al. (supra). We are, therefore, left to inquire whether facts are properly shown to justify an attachment against Green. We think the affidavits do not establish a fraud, or a fraudulent intent upon the part of Green, and that a proper case was not presented for an attachment as to Green. (See opinion of Yann, J., supra) We must, therefore, reverse the whole order. Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion to vacate the attachment granted, with ten dollars costs. Footnotes [*] This opinion was delivered in the second of the above entitled actions.