Marsh v. Hand

Boardman, J.: The plaintiff recovered for injuries inflicted upon him by a vicious ram, which had trespassed upon his premises from lands owned by defendants Hand, but occupied by defendant Cumber under a peculiar contract. It is conceded that Cumber knew the ram was vicious and that the defendants >vho appeal, the Hands, had no such knowledge prior to plaintiff’s injury, unless Cumber’s knowledge is to be imputed to them. ¥e will refer to the contract set out in the case for the language used, without repeating the same here. The learned justice at Special Term holds, that the Hands, by virtue of the contract, remain the owners of the sheep left on the place when Cumber took it — that it was not a sale of the sheep to Cumber. We are inclined to accept that as a just conclusion, though there are features in the contract leading to a different result, notably where it provides that Cumber ^ shall leave upon the farm as large a. quantity of hay and stock, and as good as he found on taking possession, or pay the Hands the cash value of the same.” This language indicates an absolute right of disposition of the stock and but for other clauses of the confract A\re should so hold. However that may be, Cumber exchanged the ram left on the place by the Hands, without their knowledge and consent, for the vicious ram which did the injury. So far as appears the Hands never knew of such exchange prior to plaintiff’s injury. If the title to the sheep remained in the Hands after Cumber went into the possession of the farm, it has not been divested by Cumber’s act in making the exchange. The contract does not give Cumber any right to sell or convert the property of the Hands and they have never authorized or ratified Cumber’s act. Cumber may be liable under the final clause of the contract above quoted for the [341] value of the ram disposed of, unless be substitutes tberefor something of equal value, which the Hands choose to accept as equally good. Until the end of the contract and such acceptance the vicious ram so acquired remained the property of Cumber. lie kept it on the farm in and for the joint benefit and interest of the defendants. It was there for use, and though owned by Cumber, the defendants without knowing it had an interest in it and in its being kept there. It was not kept on the farm at the expense of the farm for the benefit of Cumber or others, but for their joint benefit. If this view of the case be correct, the defendants Hand were not the owners or possessors of this vicious ram and were not responsible for injuries done by him through Cumber’s negligence. If it could be held that the defendants were tenants in common of the vicious ram, it seems to us that the Hands could not be hef& responsible for the negligence of Cumber who was in the sfife possession, and had the right to such possession until the end of fts year. (Bowman v. Travis, 54 N. Y., 640.) The cases cited by the learned judge in his opinion denyin^f% new trial do not seem to sustain his views in their application to the facts in this case. The case of Ward v. Warren (82 N. Y., 265), holds that the knowledge of one tenant in common in the occupation of land, of the use of an easement over it, is knowledge in and will bind all his co-tenants. In Leggett v. Hyde (58 N. Y., 272), on the facts one was held to be a partner and liable for co-partnership debts. In Roberts v. Johnson (58 N. Y., 613), the employer was held liable for the negligence of his employee, a stage driver, whereby a passenger was injured. In Stroher v. Elting (97 N. Y., 102), the parties had a contract relation making in the process of its execution each the agent of the other, and each liable for the negligence of the other while engaged in the common enterprise. In Champion v. Bostwick (18 Wend., 175), the defendants were held to be co-partners and liable as such for negligent injury. Except the first case, which does not apply to a cause of action arising out of negligence, none of them lays down any rule of law about tenants in common. It is not possible to hold that the defendants were partners in the ownership of the original sheep or the vicious one. It was not so held in the court below. Nor can we see how there could be an agency to do a wrong or, by negligence of the agent, permit a [342] wrong to be done for wliicb bis principal should be bound, where the agent was not at the time engaged in the prosecution of his principal’s business. Undoubtedly the act of an agent within the scope of his authority, and while engaged in his principal’s business, would bind the principal and make him liable for results. (Rounds v. Del., Lack, and West. R. R. Co., 64 N. Y., 129.) But in no such sense was Cumber the agent of the Hands. He had, during the existence of the contract, the absolute control and possession of the stock. The Hands could not deprive him of it. They had no power to avoid the contract or disturb Cumber’s possession. How could he then be deemed their agent, or why should they be liable for his negligence or wrong ? How are his acts to be deemed jfhe acts of the Hands to the extent of making them liable for his £jpong, or imputing to them his knowledge so as to make them liable ijgr the wrong ? (Van Slyck v. Snell, 6 Lans., 299 ; King v. N. Y. and H. R. R. R. Co., 66 N. Y., 181.) For these reasons we think the Hands were not liable to the plaintiff for the injury he ^suffered. I do not find in the ease any evidence that the sheep were wrongfully upon the plaintiff’s farm by reason of any negligence of the defendants or either of them. Unless the sheep were unlawfully there a recovery cannot be sustained against the defendants Hand without proof of a scienter. (Van Leuven v. Lyke, 1 Comst., 515; Moak Underbill on Torts, 303.) "We do not think that any such evidence has been given or that the Hands are made liable by reason of any knowledge possessed by Cumber. Little importance, however, is attached to this feature of the case, since it seems to have been assumed during the trial that the sheep were trespassing on plaintiff’s farm at the time of the injury, and no such specific objection was taken to the recovery. The right of Cumber to make the exchange of rams is denied by the second ground taken on the motion for nonsuit. The judgment and order should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event. HaediN, P. J., and Follett, J., concurred. Judgment and order reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.