Booth v. Ammerman

The Surrogate. The testator gave to his sister, Louisa Booth, “ the interest upon fifteen hundred dollars, in case she should become a widow, during her widowhood, payable annually.” At her death the principal sum was given over to certain charitable uses, and it was provided that the interest" thereon for so much of her life as she should not be a widow, should be applied to the same uses. The will contained numerous other bequests of the “ interest” upon certain amounts to various legatees, “ payable annually during life,” and on their decease the principal sums were given over to charitable uses. The executors were authorized to invest the estate, in such sums and upon such terms as they might deem necessary for “ the due execution” of the will. The testator died in October, 1854, and Mrs. Booth became a widow in May, 1855. I am now asked to determine when the legacy became due, and from what time it bears interest. There must be some special direction in a will to take a legacy out of the usual rule, that bequests are not payable until one year after the testator’s decease, and begin to earn interest only from the period when they fall due. A distinction has long been recognized in the books, in favor of annuities, and it is now well settled that the first payment of an annuity becomes due at the end of the first year from the testator’s death. In Eyre vs. Golding, 5 Binney, 472, there was a bequest of “ the interest of £400,” to be paid the legatee “ annually during her natural life,” and the court said, “ there is a difference in a legacy of a sum of money to one for term of life, and a bequest of a sum to be paid annually for life. In the former case, the legacy not being payable till the end of a year from the testator’s death, carries no interest for that year. But in the latter, the first payment of the annuity must be [133] made at the end of the first year, or the intention of the testator is not complied with. You must count the time immediately from his death, or the legatee will not receive the annuity annually during his life.” The effect of this decision is to place the gift of the interest of a certain sum annually, on the same footing as an annuity. This view might seem to be supported by the decision of Chancellor Walworth, in Craig vs. Craig, 3 Barb. Ch. R., 76, where the executors Were directed to invest “ a sum of money sufficient to produce in legal interest at least five hundred dollars per aiumm.” The court treated this as an annuity, and decided that five hundred dollars should be raised for the first year—but the legatee was the testator’s son, and a lunatic, and the will, expressly declared the bequest to be for the purpose of maintenance and support. These facts would I think have justified payment the first year, as evidently required by the intent of the will, independently of the question whether the legacy should have been treated as an annuity. The general doctrine on this subject was laid down by Lord Eldon, in Gibson vs. Bott, 7 Vesep, 96, who there said, “ if an annuity is given, the first payment is paid at the end of the year from the death ; but if a legacy is given for life, with remainder over, no interest is due until the end of two years. It is only interest of the legacy, and till the legacy is payable, there is no fund to produce interest.” This is clear enough, but it still remains open to determine what is an annuity, and what a mere legacy for life. It seems to have been doubted, whether if a sum of money were directed to be placed out, to produce an annuity, that is to be considered as a legacy payable in a year, or as an annuity payable from the death. An annuity is a stated sum per annum, payable annually unless otherwise directed. It is not income or profits, nor indeterminate in amount varying according to the income or profits, though a certain fund may be provided, out of which it is to be payable. The reason why it is payable at the end of the first year is simply because the testator has so directed. All bequests are due at the expiration oi [134] the year, in the absence of any special provision to the. contrary, and the duty to pay the annuity arises contemporaneously with the efflux of the period the law has allowed for the settlement of the estate. The income or interest of a certain fund is not an annuity, but simply profits of certain property, to be earned, and which may vary more or less. If, however, as in Craig vs. Craig, there be a, clear direction to raise a certain sum annually, that partakes of the essence of an annuity, notwithstanding the mode .of raising it by interest on investments be prescribed. And so, on the other hand, if the testator bequeath the interest of a stated amount, that cannot be treated as an annuity, but only as a gift of income. But if, as in Eyre vs. Golding, the legacy be of “ the interest annually” or, as in this case, “ the interest” “ payable annually,” what are we to say ? Is it an annuity, or merely an ordinary legacy? It is not a stated sum, but may be more or less, according to the earnings of the capital. In this respect it does not possess the characteristic of an annuity, but it is merely interest or income. It is payable annually, and in this respect it possesses a characteristic common alike to an annuity or to interest, and not peculiar to either. In the present case, the testator gives “ the interest upon fifteen hundred dollars.” The gift is of the interest—and that is the entire substance of the gift; the mode of payment is “ annually,”, and that relates to the payment and not to the gift. The thing given is the profits of a certain portion of the estate, to be separated in money and invested. It is given as “ interest” of a demonstrated capital, and interest cannot therefore begin to accrue until the capital has become due. The provisions of the will would therefore seem to be satisfied by making the investment at the end of the year, and paying the interest annually to the life tenant. The will expressly provides for this investment, and on the decease of the legatee, to whom the interest is bequeathed for life, gives the corpus or capital over to charitable uses. This bequest is substantially a" legacy for life, with remainder over, and the legacy would not become due so as to draw interest till [135] the end of the year, unless otherwise specially directed. I do not think the direction to pay the interest annually sufficient to take the case out of the general rule. In Gibson vs. Bott, 7 Vesey, 96, the will provided for an investment, and the payment of the “ yearly interestin Lowndes vs. Lowndes, 15 Vesey, 301, for an investment and the payment of “ the dividends, interest, or yearly incomeand in Raven vs. Waite, 1 Swanston, 553, for an investment and the payment of “ the interest and proceeds.” In none of these cases was interest allowed until the end of the second year. In relation to the bequest to Mrs. Booth, it is to he observed, however, that it takes effect “in case she shall become a widow.” Where the will provides a time when the legacy is to become due, whether by naming a period, or prescribing a condition or contingency, the legacy becomes due when the prescribed time has arrived, or the contingency has occurred, although it may be within the year. Thus, in Coventry vs. Higgins, 14 Simon., 30, legacies were given to sons on attaining twenty-one years, and to daughters on marriage. The sons attained twenty-one, and the daughters married, before the testator’s decease; and it was held that the legacies became due immediately on the testator’s death, and earned interest from that time. So, also, in Pickwick vs. Gibbes, 1 Beavan, 271, trustees were directed, as soon as convenient, after the death of the testator’s wife, to raise £10,000, for his nephew, and apply the income towards maintenance. The wife died before the testator, and Lord Langdale decided that the nephew was entitled to interest from the testator’s death, when the legacy by the terms of the will became due. The gift to Mrs. Booth became operative on a certain contingency—on her becoming a widow—and was to be continued during widowhood. It took effect within the year, and on the occurrence of the condition it became the duty of the executors to make the investment, and pay her the interest annually, from that period. It is a gift on widowhood, and like a gift on majority or marriage, becomes due on the event prescribed by the testator, whether it happen before or after the [136] year. There must be a decree accordingly, giving the applicant : the. interest from the time she became a widow. The taxes.which the executors may be compelled to pay, and also the commission on the interest payable annually to the legatee must come out of the interest,the general estate. If this had béen an annuity, the rule might: perhaps ..have been otherwise, but being merely the gift of interest or income, the fund must bear its own charges.