Flower v. Allen

Golden, Senator. The liability of the plaintiffs in error must be determined by ascertaining what are the duties of the selectmen of the towns in Vermont, under the laws of that state : to which I have not had access. I shall take for granted that they are, as has been stated by counsel on the argument, and now by his honor the. Chancellor, the same as are prescribed for overseers, by our statute for the relief and settlement of the poor. If they be so, I am of opinion that the plaintiffs in the justice’s court had no right to recover against the defendants. My reasons in support of this opinion, I have already assigned in the case of Gourley &. Wood against the same defendants in error. But, m this case, there are circumstances which render it, in my opinion, stronger against the defendants in error than that case. Here was no sudden emergency; the pauper had no settlement in Rupert; twenty dollars were actually raised and appropriated by legal authority to the payment of physician’s bills; and a portion of that sum was paid to the defendants in error, <fcc. The plaintiffs in error having faithfully applied all the money that was allowed by the town, to the relief of the pauper, I think they very properly insisted that they were not liable any further. It would, in my opinion, be the height of injustice to oblige them to pay any thing beyond what they were by law allowed to expend. Whatever should be levied against them, upon an execution in this suit, must be paid out of their private property, without its being in their power to compel either the town or any person to reimburse them. Were we to permit recoveries under such circumstances, ail the precautions of the law to prevent unauthorized expenditures for the relief of the poor would be frustrated. Every person might relieve a pauper, when he pleased, and as he pleased ; and make the overseers of the town, — 662 — where the pauper happened to be found, without any regara to his place of settlement, liable for services, or for what articles might be furnished. It would be better to repeal our existing law at once, and to declare that any doctor who got a pauper into his hands should, as to that pauper, be justice of the peace, and overseer of the poor; and should have a right to levy his bill on the inhabitants of the town. Case stated. The question upon the merits. English cases. I am persuaded that the defendants in error ought not to have prevailed in the suit before the justice; and I am therefore of opinion that the judgment of the Supreme Court should be reversed. I have not examined the question raised upon the form of proceeding in the court of Common Pleas; but am convinced, from the reasoning of his honor the Chancellor, that, at least, the defendants in error could not object to. this, in the Supreme Court, after having stood by, and silently acquiesced, in the Common Pleas. Burt, Clark, Dudley, Ellsworth, Gardiner, Haigi-it, Lake, Lefferts, Lynde, M’Intyre, M’Michael and Wooster, Senators, also concurred with the Chancellor. Spencer, Senator. Upon the merits of this case, there can be little difficulty. The plaintiffs in error, (defendants below,) as overseers of the poor of the town of Rupert, in Vermont, were prosecuted for the amount of a bill for medical services, rendered in that state, to a pauper who was not settled in that town, without any request by the defendants below, and who never made any promise to pay. . It is contended that the defendants below were liable at common law, as public officers, to provide for casual poor; and the service having been rendered, they ought to remunerate the plaintiffs below for it, and some cases have been cited, to show that such is the common law. The case of Simmons v. Wilmot, (3 Esp. Rep. 91,) was an action against church wardens and overseers of the poor for medicine and attendance, <fcc., furnished a pauper upon an emergency occasioned by a sudden accident. Lord Eldon, before whom the cause was tried, observed that the case was new to him ; but held that parish officers were bound to take care of cas — 663 — ual poor; and if a common person took care of the pauper, on the liability of the parish officers, that he had a right to recover. What become of the cause, does not appear. Much weight certainly ought not to be given to a nisi prius opinion, expressed as this was, with hesitation, upon a question which must be of every day’s occurrence in England ; and which was unsupported by any adjudged case upon the point. In Wennall v. Adney, (3 B. & P. 253,) referred to by counsel, the action was against the master for medical services rendered to his servant, also upon an emergency occasioned by an accident. The Court held the action would not lie; and Lord Alvanley, Chief Justice, says, “ I have no doubt whatever that parish officers are bound to assist when such accidents as these take place, and that the law will so far raise an implied contract against them, as to enable any person who affords that immediate assistance which the necessity of the case usually requires, to recover against them the amount of money expended.” There the rule is confined to cases of necessity. In the case of Lamb v. Bunco, (4 M. & S. 275,) also referred to by counsel, an action was brought for a surgeon’s bill against the overseer of a parish, and Lord Ellenborough, C. J. held that, where “ there is not time for procuring an order of justices, the law raises an obligation against the parish where the pauper lies sick as casual poor, to look to the supply of his necessities ; and if a parish officer stands by and sees that obligation performed, by those who are fit and competent to perform- it, and does not object, the law will raise a promise on his part to pay for the performance.” The defendant was held liable in that case, on the ground of an implied promise arising from the circumstances. In Watson v. Turner, (Bull N. P. 147,) which was not cited on the argument, where a pauper was suddenly taken ill, and an apothecary attended her without the previous request of the overseers, and afterwards they promised payment, it was holden good ; for they were under a moral obligation to provide for the poor. From these cases, I extract the following principles : 1. That overseers of the poor are bound to provide for casual — 664 — poor ; 2. That as they have the duty to perform, they have a right to exercise their discretion as to the persons to he employed, the terms, time and extent of relief; 3. That if the emergency be such as not to allow time for an application to them, or for an order of justices, any person may afford such relief as the necessity of the case requires, and look to those officers for remuneration; and 4. That if there be an express promise to pay, or one may be implied from the circumstances they will be liable. New York cases. Overseers of the poor are not, on any emergency liable for services rendered to a pauper without their request, or an express promise to pay, unless upon the order of a .justice. The case of Atkins v. Banwell, (2 East, 505,) is directly contrary to the third of these principles; for in that case it was decided by Lord Ellenborough, J. Le Blanc, J. and the whole Court, that the law will not raise an implied promise in parish officers, to pay for necessary medical attendance on a pauper suddenly attacked with a dangerous .illness, which prevented his being removed to the place of his settlement ; where there were no circumstances from which to infer a promise. And Lord Ellenborough uses this very strong language : “There is no precedent, principle or co lor for maintaining this action.” This case is referred to by the Supreme Court in Everts v. Adams, (12 John. 352,) and its principle recognized. The Court there say, “ there is, therefore, no obligation to pay, (there being no request or promise by the defendant,) unless it be implied by law, and the law will create no such liability.” Nor does the case of King v. Butler, (15 John. 281,) in the least infringe upon this principle. There, the overseer expressly directed the attendance, and promised to pay for it; and the Court very properly Jield that it was his business to see that he was duly authorize^. So the case of Todd & M’Cord v. Birdsall, (1 Cowen, 260,) proceeds upon the fact of a written order by the overseer, for the payment of money to a pauper. It will be seen from this review, that it is, at least, very doubtful whether, in England, parish officers are in any event, or in any emergency, liable for supplies furnished to a pauper without ther request, and without any subsequent promise to pay; and that, in this state, the law has uniform — 665 — ry been held to be, that overseers of the poor are not liable in such a case. This presents a formidable obstacle to any recovery by the defendants in error. Whether they are over liable in their official or corporate capacity; especially those of another state. But admitting the law to be as contended to the whole extent of the authorities cited in the English courts, this case does not come up to them. Here was no exercise of the discretion of the overseers, although there was abundant opportunity for it, as to the persons to be employed, the terms or the extent of the relief. It was not a case of emergency; another physician had been employed sometime before ; and eight or ten days before the services were rendered by the defendants in error, a complaint was made to the select men, the plaintiffs in error-; and an order was made for a specific sum to be applied to the relief of. the pauper. Under these circumstances, the defendants in error were volunteers, and had not the shadow of a claim against the overseers, whose consent was never solicited, although there was abundant time for it. There are various other questions founded on the merits, which would be interesting ; but which it is not necessary to decide. Thus, whether overseers ■ are liable in any event, or under any circumstances, to an action against them in their official character, is a point which will deserve the serious consideration of this court, whenever it becomes necessary to determine it. And if it should be held, that the overseers of the poor in this state are so far to be regarded as a corporation, as to be liable to an action, another and still more difficult question is, whether the select men of another state are to be thus regarded ? And whether it would be consistent with the general principles of the law of nations, and with those peculiar principles which regulate the confederacy of the United States, for the courts of New York to entertain jurisdiction of an action against the public officers of another state in their official character, for services rendered in that state, and me remuneration for which, depends, upon the laws of that slate. The view which I have taken of this cause, avoids all these questions, and enables me to dispose of it on the gratuitous concession, that an action would lie against them. A pauper may, under circumstances, sue overseers for a total neglect of duty; othererwise of third persons. As to the form of the proceedings. It was was remarked by the counsel for the defendants in error, that the select men were not sued officially, but personally, for a neglect of official duty. Granting that public officers may be thus prosecuted, the much more difficult question is again presented, whether the courts of one state will entertain suits for the official misconduct of officers of another state ? If such action could be maintained, it must certainly be brought by the party grieved by such misconduct. If the overseers had wholly neglected their duty, in providing for the pauper, I have no doubt he might, under circumstances, maintain an action for the injury sustained by such neglect. But this would give no right to third persons, to prosecute. The physicians in this case cannot say that the select men have neglected their duty, in omitting to pay them for their services, until they establish .that it was their duty, and that they had the means of doing it. But if the view taken be correct, it was not their duty to pay the defendants in error; there was no legal obligation on the town or its officers; and so far from the select men having the means to pay, it appears expressly from the case, that they had expended the sum allowed for this purpose. Upon the merits of this cause, then I apprehend there can be no difficulty in determining that the physicians, the defendants in error, had no cause of action whatever, against the plaintiffs in error. The justice before whom the action was brought, rendered judgment in favor of the physicians, for fifty dollars. On an appeal to the Court of Common Pleas of Washington county, that court reversed the judgment of the justice. So -far as the merits of a cause are concerned, that reversal was correct. But in that proceeding it is alleged, the Court of Common Pleas committed an error in trying the cause, without the intervention of a jury; and for that error, the judgment rendered was reversed by the Supreme Court, and the plaintiffs before the justice were restored to all things they had lost. in my opinion, the Supreme Court was correct in revers ing the judgment of the Common Pleas. The Court of Common Pleas seem to have considered the proceeding be — 667 — fbre them in the same light as one upon certiorari, and to have reversed the judgment as ff it were before them by writ of error. This appears to me entirely erroneous. The appeal to the Common Pleas, is a proceeding unknown to the common law. It opens the whole case, and .presents it for a new trial upon the examination of witnesses, in open court, and a new judgment must be rendered ; whereas, the writ of certiorari brings up the history of the proceedings, before the justice; and for errors in those proceedings, the judgment is reversed, or if they are correct, it is affirmed. The writ of certiorari is thus, in effect, a writ of error. No two things, it appears to me, can be more dissimilar than the remedy by appeal, and that by certiorari. In the one case, there is a new trial; and in the other there is no trial whatever. The practice of the Supreme Court on certiorari therefore, furnishes no analogy for proceedings on appeal. The Court of Common Pleas, being required to proceed and try the cause, it must do so according to the course of the common law. The constitution(a) provides that trial by jury as it hath heretofore been used in the colony of New York, shall remain inviolate forever. This provision was in force at the time this cause was heard in the Common Pleas of Washington county. The trial by jury had always been preserved in the colony and state, where the demand exceeded twenty-five dollars; and it would have been unconstitutional for the legislature to have authorized the trial of an issue of fact in any other way. The legislature has not done so. I agree with the Supreme Court in the case cited by the counsel on the argument, from 20 John. 280, that it is fairly to be inferred from the act of 1818, authorizing appeals, that the courts of Common Pleas are to proceed on them in the same manner as if the cause had been originally instituted in those courts. But admitting that the statute does not explicitly point out the mode of trial, the constitution did; and I cannot indulge any refined reasoning from analogy, to abridge the right of trial by jury in any case; and much less where it is positively enjoined by the constitution. I cannot entertain a doubt, therefore, — 668 — that the proceedings of the Common Pleas, in reversing the judgment of the justice, as if it were before th at Court by writ of error, were erroneous, and that they were unconstitutional in determining the cause without a trial by jury. Where a judgment is reversed for form, the merits being with the defendant in error, a venire should be awarded. When a judgment is reversed upon some point not involving the merits, a venire de novo is granted, of course, to try those merits. But it would be a lamentable consequence, and an aspersion on the administration of justice, that the reversal of the judgment of the Common Pleas, for such errors in its proceedings, should have the effect of confirming the original judgment of the justice. Yet such is the effect of the judgment of the Supreme Court; and if it should be affirmed by this court wholly, the original plaintiffs would recover their demand; not on account of its justice, but because the Court of Common Pleas committed an error in the mode which it adopted of revising the judgment of the justice ; and because that court had, in truth, never legally tried the cause. Yet the judgment of the Supreme Court is correct, in reversing that of the Common Pleas. In this dilemma, there was a course which would have removed all difficulties, which was within the power of the Supreme Court, and which would undoubtedly have been adopted, if requested by the counsel for the present plaintiffs in error. It was to direct the Court of Common Pleas to issue a venire, and proceed to the trial of the cause according to law, or to have awarded a venire out of the Supreme Court. The cases of Grant v. Astle, (Doug. 722,) Harwood v. Goodright, (Cowp. 89,) Davies v. Pierce, (2 T. R. 125,) Brown v. Clarke, (3 John. 443,) and Arnold v. Crane, (8 id. 79,82,) establish beyond all question, that whenever a judgment is reversed upon some ground which does not involve the merits of the cause, a venire de novo is awarded, of course to try those merits. It appears from the report of the case of Livingston v. Rogers, (1 Caines, 587,) that this court on reversing a judgment of the Supreme Court, in that cause, ordered a venire de novo, to be issued by the Supreme Court. The correctness of this practice is vindicated by Kent, J. and abundantly sustained by the authorities cited by him. Court of errors may reverse in par and affirm in part, on wri of error. Our courts cannot 'inquire into the official conduct of officers of another state. Nor can there he any doubt, of the authority of this court to reverse in part, and affirm in part. (Str. 188. Ld. Raym. 894, 1534.) And as that is the only possible mode, by which justice in this case can be attained, and a trial had according to law, I am of opinion, that so much of the judgment of the Supreme Court, as reverses the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Washington county, be affirmed : that the residue of the judgment in the Supreme Court be reversed; that the record be remitted to the Supreme Court, with directions, either to issue a venire and try the cause in that Court, or to remit the record to the Court of Common Pleas of Washington county, Avith similar directions to issue a venire and proceed to the trial of the appeal ; and that neither party be entitled to any costs upon the Avrit of error. (Cole v. Wendall, 8 John 116.) Bowman, Earll, Greenly, ICeyes, Ogden, Red-field, Thorn, Wiliceson and Wright, Senators, concurred with Spencer, Senator. Tallmadge, President, said his opinion accorded with that of the Chancellor, and of Golden, Senator, that the judgment of the Supreme Court should be reversed upon the merits. There was' no sufficient promise to sustain the action. According to the laws of Vermont, there Avas no omission of official duty, and no cause of action on this ground. But I would not put the decision on the latter point; because it Avould imply the right of the courts of this state to inquire into the official conduct of the officers of another state. This court cannot entertain the question. It is Avithin the reason of the cases which hold that the courts of one state cannot enforce the penal or local laws of another. The performance of official duties imposed by the laws upon the officers of another state cannot be enforced, or the omission punished, by the laws of this state; though it is otherwise as to contracts made in other states. The action can be sustained on the ground of contract only; and in this íespect the proof is deficient. Overssers of the poor are liable sometimes as corporations ; and sometimes personally. In the for mer case, they are not bound in person or property ; but the judgment affects the corporation only. For a total for ^ a*1qualified reversai, 10. Overseers of the poor must he proceeded against like officers of other incorporations. They must he made liable in their official or corporate capacity, or be charged as individuals. The action must be shaped accordingly, and be supported by sufficient proof. For official neglect or misconduct, they may be indicted; but they can never be prosecuted for official liabilities, and be rendered individually responsible for the judgment, in their property and persons. This distinction between individual and official liability must be regarded; and will regulate the form of the proceedings, and the proof necessary to sustain the action. The judgment in the one case is against them as individuals, and becomes a lien on their property; in the other it is against them as a corporation, and only binds their corporate property. The corporation which the plaintiffs in error are said to represent, cannot be prosecuted in this state. The action was against them as individuals; and in that view the proof was wholly insufficient to charge them. Should the Court, however, think differently, and hold that there was a sufficient cause of action, then I should agree with Spencer, Senator, that the facts should have been tried by a jury; and that for this purpose, the judgment should be reversed, without costs on either side ; and that the cause be sent to trial upon a venire. The Court, on a division, being in favor of a total or genera^ reTersal> according to the result of the opinions delivered by Sanford, Chancellor, Golden, Senator, and Tall madge, President: 12 Senators concurring generally with the Chancellor; and 9 Senators concurring generally with Spencer, Senator, the following rule was thereupon entered with the Clerk. “ Counsel having been heard in this cause, and due deliberation being thereupon had, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the Supreme Court in this cause be reversed, with costs to be taxad. And it is further ordered that the record be remitted, &c.” Footnotes [(a)] Old Con. art. 41.