Van Wyck v. Allen

Charles P. Daly, Chief Justice. The judge left it to the jury to say whether the defendants sold to the plaintiff “ flat Dutch cabbage seed raised by Yan Wycklen on Long Island.” This was the main question in the. case. It was upon the evidence a question for the jury, and their finding upon it is conclusive. If the defendants sold it as seed of that variety, flat Dutch cabbage seed raised by Yan Wycklen ©n Long Island, it amounted to a warranty that it was not only seed of that variety, but that it had been raised by Yan Wycklen on Long Island •(Allan v. Lake, 18 Ad. & El. N. S. 560, 565 ; Blakeman v. Mackay, 1 Hilt. 267; Bradford v. Mauley, 13 Mass. 145; Mason v. Chappell, 15 Gratt. 571; Hawkins v. Pemberton, 51 N. Y. 198; Wolcott v. Mount, 36 N. J. 262). The judge drew the attention of the jury to the distinction raised by the defendants, that if the article furnished was produced from seed which originally came from Yan Wycklen, it would be of the description referred to in the sale. That if represented to have been raised on Long Island, the representation was complied with by supplying seed raised in Rhode Island by Mr. Potter, of the like character and quality, and added that he did not regard it of any great importance whether the seed was raised on Long Island or not, if it was the character of seed which was sold. This was presenting the question in the most favorable point of view for the defendants. It was, in fact, saying that they might find that though raised in Rhode Island, it was the kind of seed represented as Yan Wicklen’s flat Dutch cabbage seed raised on Long Island ; being the product of that seed, though raised in another place, which was going, in my judgment, beyond what the evidence warranted. He afterwards, however, instructed the jury that — 383 — if the defendants represented these seeds to be early flat Dutch cabbage seeds of Yan WycHen’s own growth, that then there had been a breach of the warranty. The evidence showed that the value of the seed was owing to the peculiarity of the place in which it was grown ; a fact well understood by the plaintiff, as well as by Gleason, who had charge of the defendants’ seed department, and who made the representation. He informed the plaintiff that the defendants had discarded all late varieties of cabbage seed, and were running wholly on flat Dutch; that they were selling Yan WycHen’s flat Dutch, raised at Hew Lots, on Long Island. He described Yan WycHen’s farm as a splendid locality for raising cabbage seed; that he had the finest place in the country for growing seed; being isolated from neighbors, where his seed would not be intermixed with other seed. It appeared from Yan Wycklin’s testimony that his farm, in consequence of its being in meadows, is so situated that no seeds can be grown within a quarter of a mile of it; a feature of great importance, as cabbage seed must not be produced near other plants of the same order, as turnips, cauliflower, broccoli, &c., or they will intermix, through their flowers, and produce mongrel varieties, or fail to head as cabbages at all; which is well known (The American Cyc. vol. 3, p. 323, 2 ed.) and is shown by the evidence in this case. Yan WycHen testified that the blossoms will be carried, so as to intermix with each other, a quarter of a mile, and the fact therefore, that no other plants of this order can be grown within a quarter of a mile where he raises these superior seeds, “ supposed to be the best in the market,” as “ a good heading variety,” gives them an especial quality from being raised by him in that particular locality, that does not necessarily attach to seeds which are their product, raised in other localities, and that may be exposed to influences which the plants raised upon his farm are not subject to. All this the plaintiff knew. He had known Yan WycHen’s farm for years. He testified, “ I knew his locality and every inch of ground where his neighbors lived,” and that the merit and value of these seeds, in the estimation of Gleason and of the plaintiff, arose from the peculiarity of the place where the — 384 — plants were grown, 'was evident from Gleason’s dwelling upon the fact that it was isolated from neighbors, where the seed would not he intermixed with other seed, and the plaintiff telling Gleason that he had as good a place; that his nearest neighbor was a half a mile off, &e. The cabbage head is entirely the result of cultivation, fgr, as appears from the work already quoted, the original plant from which all forms of the cabbage spring, grows wild on the rocky shores and cliffs of England, with no appearance of a head, and that the varieties produced by cultivation are perpetuated only where care is taken to secure the conditions that produced them. This is- illustrated by what was proved in the present case. It is a biennial plant. When the seed is sown, it produces the first season the full grown cabbage, and the next season the pods which contain the seed. The seeds sold to the plaintiff were raised in Rhode Island by Mr. Potter from seeds, according to Gleason’s testimony, which "Van Wycklen had raised at his farm upon Long Island. When planted by the plaintiff, vigorous and healthy plants sprung up, but not one headed into a cabbage, which, if it were the same seed, shows that in the intervening planting something had occurred which, had changed the conditions and led to the production of a different form of the plant. This was not brought about by anything which had occurred on the plaintiff’s farm; for other seed planted there headed into cabbage, whilst this particular seed did not, though otherwise the plants grew vigorously. It is, I think, obvious, from what transpired between Gleason and the plaintiff, that what the former undertook to sell, and the latter supposed he was buying, when he sent his order, was seed of Van Wycklen’s own raising, and not a product of that seed raised in some other place. Gleason denied that he said that the seed was of Van Wycklen’s raising, but he was unable to recollect what occurred in the conversation, and we must assume in support of the verdict, that the jury believed the plaintiff, and that there was such a warranty was the conclusion at which they arrived. If there was any doubt respecting it, it was a question exclusively for them (Murray v. Smith, 4 Daly, 219; Chapman v. March, 19 Johns. 289; Duffee v. — 385 — Mason, 8 Cow. 26 ; Whitney v. Button, 10 Wend. 412 ; Hawkins v. Pemberton, 51 N. Y. 202, 205 ; Allan, v. Lake, 18 A. & El. N. S. 565, 566). The question of a warranty is not, as the defendants argue, limited to the written communications; but the letters or orders are to be taken together with the previous conversation that led to the giving of the orders. The view I have taken of the case, dispenses with the necessity of considering many of the points argued by the defendants—such as the defendants’ right to have the jury instructed that they were under no obligation to send seed of Van Wycklen’s own raising; but that seed of the Van Wycklen variety, whether raised by him or not was all that was required. It only remains therefore to consider some of the exceptions taken to refusals of the judge to charge, to parts of his charge, and the rule of damages. The judge was requested by the plaintiff to charge, that if the seeds were not the early flat Dutch cabbage seed of Van Wycklen’s own growth, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, and the defendants’ request was that there could be no recovery, unless the defendants warranted that the seeds had been raised on Van Wycklen’s farm. Both of these requests the judge refused. If there were no evidence in the case to justify a finding that they were warranted to have been raised upon Van Wycklen’s farm, the refusal of the defendants’ request might have been a serious one, and involved the necessity of a new trial, as it might have been difficult to say what warranty they found, and what constituted the breach of it. But the ■evidence on this point was abundant, and fully comes up to the defendants’ request, in support of the verdict. There is, moreover, a further answer that will appear in the consideration of the next exception. The defendant excepted to so much of the judge’s charge as stated in substance that the request of an article of a particular kind, or a particular quality, and the delivery of an article under such request, might be a basis for the finding of a representation or warranty; or where the goods are sold as of a particular kind, or to be used for a particular purpose, a jury — 386 — will be justified in finding that they were warranted fit for the-purpose. This is not exactly what the judge charged. What he charged was this. If the seed was sold as a particular article,, known in the market by a particular name, the law implies that it is of that character, kind, or description; or if the buyer declares that he wants an article for a particular purpose, saying, have you got it, and will you sell it to me, and the vendor, knowing that the buyer relies upon his compliance with the request, supplies the article, the law implies a warranty that the thing furnished is the thing requested; and that this-is the law is well settled (Mason v. Chappell, 15 Gratt. 572; Murray v. Smith, 4 Daly, 279; Jones v. Bright, 5 Bing. 533 ; Hawkins v. Pemberton, 51 N. Y. 198 ; Bradford v. Manly, 13 Mass. 138 ; Hilliard on Sales, 353, 3d ed.; Story on Sales, § 371). Apart from the question of a warranty that the seed was of Van Wycklen’s own raising, the written order was for Van Wycklen’s flat Dutch cabbage seed; and the seed sold, when planted, produced no cabbage at all. There was certainly an implied warranty that it was flat Dutch cabbage seed, for it was that which was ordered. It was an article well known in the market, and was in foreign catalogues. The judge, in view of what the seed sold developed, left it for the jury to consider, as a question of fact, whether it was early flat Dutch cabbage seed, or even cabbage seed at all. And certainly the circumstance that a healthy, vigorous plant sprung up from it, without any cabbage upon it, afforded ground for a doubt upon the subject, notwithstanding the defendant’s positive evidence of where the seed originally came from. All that Potter knew was that Gleason sent him cabbage seed, in 1869, marked simply flat Dutch, to raise seed from; which was all the knowledge he had respecting its character. He planted it, and raised thirty pounds of seed, ten of which he sent to the defendants, and did not raise any more of it after 1869. Gleason may have made some mistake in the seed sent to Potter. It may not, in fact, have been early Dutch, or have come from Van Wycklen’s farm. It may, through mistake, have been some other seed; though from the evidence, the probability is that its failure arose from — 387 — intermixture, by raising it in too close proximity with other seed. There was, at all events, the singular fact that it produced no cabbage at all, though carefully sown, in a very favorable season, in ground well prepared, with even extra pains, upon a farm well adapted for the growth of that variety; that it was attentively looked after, and produced healthy, strong, fine plants, but with no cabbage. The evidence was that the field was literally covered with a growth of leaves; that it grew to a great height, three feet; and what the plaintiff, an experienced cultivator of cabbage, had never seen it before, run into seed the first season ; 18,750 plants were set out, all of which lived and grew up in this manner; whilst upon the same soil, and in the same field, seed of another variety was planted, the plants of which all made heads. There was nothing in the condition of the soil, or in the cultivation, to cause this. The plaintiff had never known an instance like this, where the whole crop failed to produce heads. Nothing had been neglected in the soil, manure, or culture; and other cabbages were raised in the neighborhood thát season, but none grew like this. Whether, therefore, it was even flat Dutch cabbage seed was a fair question, upon the evidence, for the jury, especially as the plaintiff testified to his belief that it was not even cabbage seed; and Yan Wycklen, that it was hard to say; and if it was not, there was a breach of this warranty, in that the article sent was not the particular and well known article which had been ordered. There being, then, the warranty that it was early flat Dutch, and a question whether there was or was not a breach of this warranty, the defendants’ request above referred to was too broad;—that the plaintiff could not recover unless there was a warranty that it was seed which had been raised on Yan Wyeklen’s farm. There remain the exceptions taken to other refusals to requests to charge. I will pass upon them separately : 1st. There was evidence from which the jury might infer bad faith, for the defendants knew that the seeds sent were not raised by Yan Wycklen, but by Potter. 2d. There was evidence from which the jury might find that the defendants did represent that the seeds were raised by Yan Wycklen. With the exception of — 388 — the requests relating to the rule of damages, the other exceptions have also been substantially passed upon. The 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th, relate to the rule of •damages. The rule laid down by the judge was a correct one, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover, as the measure of his •damages, the fair value of the crop which would, under ordinary circumstances, have been raised if the seed had been what it was represented to be; taking into consideration all the hazards arising from the elements, or from natural causes, which might have prevented a full crop, and deducting what it would have cost to harvest the crop and prepare it for market, an expense which was not incurred, as the entire crop failed (Randall v. Raper, Ellis B. & E. Rep. 84; Passinger v. Thorburn, 34 N. Y. 634 ; Messmore v. N. Y. Shot Co. 40 Id. 422; Millburn v. Belloni, 39 Id. 53; Paris v. Morris Axe Co. 54 Id. 586; Reggio v. Braggiotti, 7 Cush. 166; Woolcott v. Mount, 36 N. J. 262). The rule laid down being the proper one, the defendants were not entitled to the instruction asked for in the 10th, 11th, 12th and 14th requests to charge. The expense of raising the ■crop enters into and forms a part of the market value of it. This outlay the plaintiff lost from the failure of the whole crop. To deduct the expense of raising it from the value, therefore, would be to deprive the plaintiff of what he actually lost, his own labor, the labor he may have paid for, and what he purchased and used for the purpose of cultivation. Taking the market value of such a crop as would, under ordinary circumstances, have been raised at the time, comes as near a true measure as can be attained, and gives the plaintiff what it may be assumed he has lost. The uncertainty of finding a market, the liability of the cabbages, if they had been produced, to decay, and the time the plaintiff might have lost in finding a market for them and delivering them, were, to a great part, •embraced under the judge’s rule that the harvesting and preparing the crop for market was to be deducted from the value, and other parts embraced conjectural matters, in respect to which there was no evidence. If the 14th request had been separated, some parts of it might have been proper; but the •defendants were not entitled to the whole of it, and having — 389 — been submitted as an entire proposition, it was properly refused. The request of the plaintiff, which the judge charged and to which the defendants excepted, was, in a certain aspect of the case, abstractly correct; that, if the jury found that the-seeds were not in good condition and reasonably suited for the planting and growth of cabbage, the plaintiff was entitled tereco ver; in respect to which it will be sufficient to refer to Gray v. Cox (4 B. & C. 108) ; Jones v. Bright (5 Bing. 533); Bluett v. Osborne (1 Stark. N. P. 384) ; Brown v. Edginton (2 Man. & Gr. 279); Shephard v. Pybus (3 Id. 868); Williamson v. Allison (2 East, 446); Getty v. Roundtree (2 Chand. 28); Lord v. Grow (39 Penn. 88); Wright v. Hart (18 Wend. 454); Leming v. Foster (42 N. H. 165); 2 Kent’s Com. pp. 478,479, 480, 4th ed.; and what has been already said in the present case upon the question, arising upon the evidence, whether the seed sent was in fact cabbage seed at all. This was not a matter which the plaintiff could ascertain by inspection, but in which he had to rely upon the seller alone, as is apparent from what has been stated respecting the cabbage plant, and from the, evidence in the case. Even so experienced and successful a cultivator as Van Wycklen, after remarking that the plants which came up were not cabbage, declared, as before stated, that it was hard to say if they came from cabbage seed ; and Scofield, who was familiar with the raising of cabbages, having-raised them fifteen years, and who saw the plants that sprung up, was of the opinion that they were not the product of cabbage seed. The rule of eaveat errvptor can scarcely be said to apply in the sale of a particular article, where it is out of the power of the buyer to ascertain by inspection whether it is or is not the article required, and where- he must of necessity rely upon the knowledge and representation of the seller. The cases cited hold that there is in such case an implied warranty on the part of the seller, as in the case of the sale of “ blue vitriol,” that it is the article so designated and known; a fact which the buyer could not ascertain by any practicable examination which he could make at the time (Hawkins v. Pemberton, 51 N. Y. 202). Where an article is sold as flat Dutch cabbage — 390 — seed, there would seem to be implied a warranty at least that it is cabbage seed—a fact which it is not practicable for the buyer to ascertain, until the seed is sown and the product comes up—and representing it as cabbage seed, implies that it is reasonably suited for the planting and growth of cabbage, in a case where it subsequently turns out that it was not cabbage seed at all. There may possibly be some doubt upon- this point; a question upon the cases, whether this rule as to the suitableness of'the thing for the particular purpose for which it is bought is sufficiently well established by authority (Hilliard on Sales, p. 335, 3d ed.); whether it is not limited to cases of articles ordered from a manufacturer, or to provisions sold for domestic use, and where an article is sold as of a particular kind or description ; whether there is any rule except that there is a warranty that it is that article. However this may be, I do not feel, in this case, where the seeds proved to be of no value whatever as cabbage seeds of any kind, that it is sufficiently clear that the judge erred in what he said as to their being reasonably suited to the planting and growth of cabbage, and am not, therefore, willing to hold that a new trial must be granted upon that ground. The judgment should be affirmed. Joseph F. Halt and Yah Hoeseh, JJ., concurred. Judgment affirmed.