Coddington v. Bay

Woodworth, J. Randolph Savage were the agents of the respondent, and, as such, held certain promissory notes belonging to him, which they, on the 12th of June, 1819, fraudulently, and without authority, passed to the appellants. It is stated, in the answer, that at the time the notes were received by the appellants, Randolph Sf Savage were not, in a strict legal sense, indebted to them in any amount whatever; but that the appellants were under engagements and responsibilities for them, having endorsed certain notes for R. Sf S., and lent them their own notes to a large amount, none of which had then fallen due. That the appellants received the notes in question as a guaranty and indemnity against the responsibilities they were under, (all of which were then contingent,) and without notice of any interest, right, or title of the respondents. The prayer of the bill is, that the notes so received be delivered to the respondent, or the amount paid to him. This brief statement presents a case of hardship, let the loss fall as it may, inasmuch as no fraud is imputable to either of the parties concerned in this appeal. The question is one of strict law, in the decision of which, the community at large, and more especially the commercial part, have a deep interest. Any fluctuation in the.law relating to bills of exchange, and promissory notes, would be a serious evil, and necessarily affect the circulation of this species of paper; distrust, and want of confidence, would embarrass mercantile operations, unless the rule to be applied be stable and uniform. With this view, I have carefully examined the cases cited on the argument. The general rule laid down seems to be this, that where negotiable paper is transferred for a valuable consideration, and without notice of any fraud, the right of the holder shall prevail against — 645 — tiie true owner j all the cases substantially agree in this. In the application of the rule, this question arises, what is that valuable consideration intended, which shall protect the holder as against the drawer of the note ? Is the rule satisfied, if enough is shown to make out a consideration, as between the holder and the agent, who assigned or transferred the paper ? If nothing more is required, the appellants must prevail j for the notes were passed for the indemnity of the appellants, and, so far as Randolph fy Savage are concerned, that formed a valid consideration. The right to liold against the owner, in any case, is an exception to the general rule of law | it is founded on principles of commercial policy. The reason of such a rule would seem to be, that the innocent holder, having incurred loss by giving credit to the paper, and having paid a fair equivalent, is entitled to protection. But what superior equity has the holder, who made no advances, nor incurred any responsiibility on the credit of the paper he received, whose situation will be improved, if he is allowed to retain, but, if not, Is in the condition he was before the paper was passed ? To allow such a state of facts as sufficient to resist the title of the real owner, would be productive of manifest injustice, ' and is not required by any rule of policy ; it is enough if-the holder be secure when he advances his funds, or makes himself liable on the credit of the paper he receives. In coincidence with this principle, it appears to me, all the^ cases have been decided; for, although the rule is laid down generally, that the holder will be protected where the bill or note is taken in the usual course of trade, and for a fair and valuable consideration without notice, in every case I have met with, where the owner failed to recover, it appeared that the holder gave credit to the paper, received it in the way of business, and gave money or property in exchange^* In Miller v. Race, (1 Burr. Rep. 452.) it is stated, that the mail was robbed, a bank note taken out, and afterwards passed to the plaintiff, an inn-keeper, who took it bona fide, in Ms business, for a valuable consideration, and without notice 5 it was held, that the plaintiff was entitled to the note. In Grant v. Vaughan, (3 Burr. Rep. 1526.) the plaintiff took a bill of exchange that had been lost, and paid the va — 646 — lue of it; it was held that he was entitled to the bill. Mr. Justice Wilmot, in that case, observes, “ though both the claimants were innocent, yet, as Grant took the note in the course of trade, bona fide, and upon a valuable consideration, Grant has the better equity.” Upon what is this better equity founded ? Because Grant parted with his property for the bill, and was an innocent holder. In Peacock v. Rhodes, (Doug. Rep. 633.) it was held, that an innocent endorsee mi^ht recover on a bill of exchange with a blank endorsement, which had been stolen and negotiated; but it appeared, that the person who transferred the bill, bought cloth and other articles in the way of the plaintiiPs trade, as a mercer, and received the value. Lord Mansfield says, “ the jury have found that the bill was received in the course of trade, and, therefore, the case is clear, and within the principle of all the cases, from that of Miller v. Race, ^downwards.” So, also, in the case of Collins v. Martin, (1 Bos. & Pull. 648.) it was held, that if A. deposit bills endorsed in blank with B., his banker, to be received when due, and the latter raises money on them, by placing them with C., and, afterwards, becomes bankrupt, A. cannot maintain trover against C. for the bills. In that case, as in all the preceding, the holder paid value for the bill $ an advance was made in money ; had that not been made out, it is evident to my mind that the holder would not have been ^protected. Chief Justice Eyre,-in giving the opinion of the Court, observes, “ if the holder gave no value for the bill, he would be affected by every thing which would affect the first holder.” What is meant by giving value for the bill, must be collected from the whole case of which he is speaking. The holder, in that case, advanced his money on the credit of the bill. The language of the Court cannot , be mistaken; something must have been paid in money or / property, or some existing debt satisfied thereby, or some new responsibility incurred in consequence of the transfer; this would be paying value, and making out a good consideration within the reason and meaning of the rule. In such a case, the holder of a bill of exchange or promissory note, is not to be considered in the light of an assignee of the payee, and bound to take the thing assigned, subject to — 647 — all the equity to which the original party was subject; but he stands on the ground of an innocent purchaser of negotiable paper, who, having parted with his property, is entitied to the benefit resulting from his purchase, in opposition to the right owner. So, also, in Lawson v. Weston, (4 Esp. N. P. Rep. 56.) where a lost bill had been discounted, the plaintiff recovered. Lord Kenyon considered the point settled by the case of Miller v. Race, and observed, “ if there was any fraud in the transaction, or if a bona fide consideration had not been paid for the bill by the plaintiffs, they could not recover.” The general rule is to be understood as applicable to cases of this description f there does not seem to be any necessity to go farther. The credit of bills and notes cannot be impaired, or their circulation impeded, if the right of the holder is limited and restricted in this manner. He still retains all the rights that the law intended' to confer on him, or that commercial policy can reasonably require. To deny the relief prayed for by the respondent, would introduce a new rule, not warranted by any of the adjudged cases. Every man who takes negotiable paper, is supposed to know, that he does not acquire an indefeasible right. A note given for money won at play, or upon an usurious consideration, may be inquired into in the hands of an inno-¡ cent endorsee. Does this obstruct the circulation of bills or notes ? So, every holder knows, or is presumed to know, that the titig of the right owner cannot be devested, unless value has been given, or liability incurred. The rule, then, as I conceive, is well established, and must govern the present case. The question is, whether the appellants are within its provisions? Randolph if Savage had stopped payment, and were insolvqy which was known to the appellants at the time they received the notes. They were not then indebted to the appellants; for none of the notes were due j the liability of the appellants was still contingent, although it is admitted there was good reason to believe it would soon^. - become absolute. No responsibility was incurred in consequence of taking the notes ; they were received as an indemnity ; the situation of Randolph if Savage was desperate, and no doubt the appellants were anxious to get hold — 648 — of any thing that had the semblance of security; If the notes became effectual in their hands, then so much was gained; .if not, they remained in statu quo. The mero probability that the notes would be valid in .their hands, was inducement enough to seize on them with avidity;, it might be the means of rescuing something from the shipwreck. Very different is the case of a holder for value paid; he makés the advance on the credit of the paper; if that fails, his loss is certain. But, it has been urged, that if the appellants had not reposed themselves on the rule now contended for, they might have obtained other security, and, consequently, they are prejudiced by the decree. This argument cannot be listened to 5 it only proves that the appellants may sustain an injury in consequence of mistake as to the rule of law. With this the Court has no concern. "^The true question is, have they paid value for the notes, or made any new engagements as the consideration of the transfer ? This is not pretended, I am, therefore, of opinion, that the decree of his. honour the Chancellor ought -sdo be affirmed. Platt, J. concurred. Spencer, Ch. J. The facts in this case must be perfectly within the recollection of the Court. The respondent, being the owner of a schooner, employed Randolph Savage to sell her. They made a sale, undyp an authorization from the respondent, and took negotiable notes, payable to themselves, from the purchasers, for 3,875 dollars, the consideration of the sale. Before the respondent could get possession of these notes, Randolph Savage became entirely insolvent, and'assigned to Sfc1 appellants, without any request or solicitation on their .part, the notes in. question, with other debts, to secure the appellants for certain endorsements and responsibilities they were under for ■ them; there being no other indebtedness on the part of Randolph Sf Savage to the appellants, nor had they then paid, or been called upon to discharge, any of their collateral liabilities, It stands conceded, that no new credit was given by appellants to Randolph fy Savage, in consequence of \toe — 649 — ¡.he delivery to them of the notes in question 5 nor was there any other consideration paid or given for the notes, except the antecedent responsibilities which the appellants had entered into for them. The appellants allege, that when the notes were received and assigned, they did not know, nor had they any intimation, that the notes had been received by Randolph fy Savage, in payment of the purchase money of the schooner, nor did they know any thing on that subject. The question, then, between the parties, is brought to this’ single point: which of them has the best title to the notes 5 the respondent, on whose account and for whose benefit they were taken, in consequence of the sale of his property; or the appellants, who received them from the ostensible owners, as security for responsibilities, which had before been incurred, but who did not give any new consideration for them, jior part with any security, as an inducement to their being delivered ? y The Chancellor has examined several of the cases , 111 ex™ which it has been decided, that bank notes, bills change, and navy bills, having been passed, by a mala fide holder, or in a mala fide manner, might be held by the pei\ sons to whom they have been passed-, when they were received in the regular course of trade, for a consideration advanced at the time, and were taken Iona fide, and without any knowledge of the fraud, or want of title in the pe™ea passing them. fAll the cases cited by the''' Chancello^^md those cited by the appellants’ counsel, have been decided on the ground, that the notes or bills were taken in the usual course of trade, and for a present consideration paid; not one of the cases is like the present, vhe!*c notes or bills thus passed, were received in security of an antecedent debt. We are, then, called upon to establish a new principle, or\ rather to ascertain a principle, from decisions in casos as nearly analogous as cam be found. In the cases of Miller v. Race, (1 Burr. 452.) Grant v. Vaughan, (3 Burr. 1516. and 1 Bl. R. 485.) and Peacock v. Rhodes, (Doug. 633.) the Court lay stress on the fact, that the holder came by the notes for a full and valuable considera — 650 — tion, by giving money, or money and goods, for them, in the jisual course of trade 5 and, I consider the real principle to this, that the person passing the note, from the fact' of his having possession, was the ostensible owner of it, and that the holder having," in the usual course of business, given credit to these appearances, which he was justified in doing, has been induced to part with his money or property bona jide; and that, as between him and the real owner, there must be a loss on one side or the other, the law will not devest him of fruits he has honestly acquired, without the possibility of remuneration. In other words, the equities of the parties being equal, the law leaves him in possession who already, has it. But, how are the equities here ? The respondent was clearly and justly entitled to the proceeds of the sale of the vessel, the notes in question ; his agents and trustees were guilty, of a grossly' fraudulent abuse of their trust, in attempting to deprive him of those notes. Admit that the appellants came to the possession of them without any knowledge of the fraud on.the part of Randolph fy Savage, in passing the notes, how is their situation altered, or what equities have they as against the re-_^pondent ? If they have to account to the respondent for these notes, their situation is exactly as it would have been had the notes not been transferred to them ; merely having had the good fortune to get the notes, without any new consideration, or renouncing any lien, their equity .to hold the notes, bears no comparison with that of the re&Mtident to demand them. ,|,It was suggested, that they migfl^Eive lost the benefit of some other security, had they not taken these , notes ; but of this, there is no, proof or probability. It is ^not shown, or pretended, that Randolph 8f Savage had any other security to give; and it cannot be presumed, that they would have committed such a flagrant breach of faith, if they had any other available funds in their hands.p; The appellants’ counsel complained, that the Chancellor had laid too much stress upon these notes not having been received in the usual course of trade. This is one of the tests which we find the Judges applying, in order to determine the right of the holder to retain bills which have been passed by persons who have acquired possession, by robbery'. — 651 — finding, or fraud. Now, I understand, by the usual course of trade, not that the holder shall receive the bills or notes thus obtained, as securities for antecedent debts, but that he shall take them in his business, and as payment for a debt contracted at the time. It has been strenuously urged, that these notes are to be likened to cash, and that had Randolph &f Savage become possessed of the respondents’ cash fraudulently, and paid it to the appellants, that then, clearly, there could be no remedy. There is a material distinction between cash and notes, in this, that money is not generally capable of identification, But suppose jRandolph f Savage had robbed the respondent of a bag of gold, (and their conduct, on this occasion, in a moral view, is nearly as bad,) and paid it to the appellants as an indemnity upon antecedent responsibilities, would they hax'e a right to hold it, if the identity could be traced ? I maintain they could not. Suppose)\ that Randolph &/ Savage had been bailees of the respondent’s goods, and had delivered them as security to the appellants, can there be a doubt that the respondent could,, have brought trover for the goods P j' What is the difference, in principle, between the case last put, and the present P I know it has been decided xrery often, and correctly, that the analogy does not hold between bills and goods, for that the possession of goods does not vest the property, and the transferree’s title cannot be better than the transferrer’s, but 'that, with respect to bills, or notes, the whole property passes by endorsement. This is true only sub modo; there is a prima facie ownership ; but the holder may be a mere servant sent to receive the amount of the bill, or he may be a bailee or a trustee, as Randolph fy Savage were in the present case, and, therefore, it is, because he is the apparent oxvner, and has power to receive the money as holder of the bill, that, if he passes it to a bona fide purchaser, upon a consideration paid at the time, his title shall prevail. This is not only right in itself, but the contrary doctrine would destroy the circulation of notes, and would justly alarm the mercantile world. But where the'*N holder is not himself imposed upon by giving a new consideration for the bill; where, in other words, he has not — 652 — been cheated, whether he retains the bill or not, he cannot have a property in the bill against the true owner. ^,° test the principle still further; suppose the appellants had been .under no responsibilities for Randolph ¿y Savage, ¿n(j the latter had freely given them these notes, could they then insist on retaining them ? This, I believe, will not be asserted; and yet, if the notes were the property of Randolph ty Savage, because they were payable to them, and if a Court could not look beyond the notes, their gift of them would change the property. I understand Chief Justice Eyre, in Collins v. Martin, (1 Bos. & Pull. 651.) as meaning to say, that there must be a consideration paid when the bill is received. He says, “ if' it can be proved that the holder gave no value for the bill, then, indeed, he is in privity with the first holder, and will be affected by every thing which would affect the. first holder.” And in the case of Joy v. Campbell, (1 Sch. & Lefroy, 346.) Lord Redesdale, referring to Lord Bolinghrolce's case, in the discussion of which a case was cited, which he mentions with approbation, where an executor transferred part of the assets, for the avowed purpose of paying his own debt, in which case, the person receiving the assets was held liable, for, by this sort of dealing, the person concurs in a devastavit, as the value he gives for the assets is of a nature which it is impossible should be applied to the purposes of the administration. JThe administrator had the legal ownership ; he had a right to sell the goods; but as the purchaser paid him nothing, but took the goods on account of his debt against the administrator, equity would not allow him to retain them. The case, in principle, is Very analogous to the present. I have not been able to bring my mind to doubt the correctness of the Chancellor’s decree, and I think it ought to be affirmed. Hopkins, Senator, concurred. Bowne, Dudley, Huntington, Livingston, Miller, Moers, and More, Senators, were of opinion that the de>cree of the Court of Chancery ought to be reversed. — 653 — Vielie, Senator. The respondent, residing in Hudson, and being the owner of the schooner Express, employed Randolph Savage, merchants and copartners in New-York, defendants in the Court below, as his agents or factors, to negotiate a sale of the schooner on credit, with instructions to take unexceptionable paper, and send the notes received, by some safe conveyance, or by mail, to the respondent. Under these instructions, R. $f S, effected a sale, at the price of 3,875 dollars; and, on the third of June, 1819, received negotiable promissory notes for the amount, and for which an account is sought, by the bill filed in this cause. The notes thus received, notwithstanding the repeated applications of the respondent, were not transmitted to him, under the imposing pretence of retaining them until they should be counter secured for a guaranty, which they had voluntarily assumed, upon the sale of the vessel. On the 11th of June, and eight days after the receipt of the notes referred to, R. S. stopped payment, and on the same day executed an assignment of all their effects and credits in Connecticut and Massachusetts, to Jesse Savage, for the benefit of the assignee, and of Josiah Savage, senior, and to secure the appellants for responsibilities. . The next day, being the 12th of June, R. S. transferred the notes in question, with others, to the appellants, without receiving any kind of payment or consideration for them, but merely as indemnity against responsibilities; and, on the 14th of June, R. S„ executed an assignment of sundry other effects and credits, to the appellants, and Thomas H. Smith, for the benefit of Smith, and to secure the appellants against responsibilities. Shortly after, and before the 17th of June, the respondent offering the required guaranty and payment of legal charges, called on R„ Sf S. for his notes, but did not obtain them, nor any satisfactory account of them, as it would appear from the case, nor even an intimation of the disposition that had been made of them. The appellants, in their answer," deny any knowledge that these notes were the property of the respondent, or had been received by R. Sr S, on his account. — 654 — Upon these facts, his honour the Chancellor, has decreed an account against all the defendants, and against fi. &f So for costs. As against R. Sf S. there can be no doubt of the propriety and correctness of this decree. They being the agents of the respondent, it is a case of ordinary equity jurisdiction, and their conduct in the transaction is marked with a character of deliberate fraud. The appellants, however, claim to stand on different ground, and to be invested with other rights, and greater privileges. Whatever might have been the difference between them, in a moral point of view, if a knowledge of the circumstances, under which these notes were held by R. &f S. had been brought home to the appellants at the time of the transfer, there can be little doubt, blit that in contemplation of law, and in the view of a Court of equity, they would then, as assignees of R. &f S., have been in the same situation, and equally exposed to the respondent’s claim. But having, by their answers, denied notice of the trust, and-tyiy knowledge of the relation in which R. fy S. stood, as factors to the respondent, it must be conceded that the appellants stand altogether in a different light, and that the question of their liability to account must be decided on different principles. It was accordingly contended, on the argument, that the appellants having received the notes in controversy without notice of the trust, and upon a consideration not fraudulent in itself, that of indemnity for responsibilities before incurred, were entitled to hold them, even against the true owner. The rule by which this proposition is to be supported, had its origin in the commercial policy of that country from whence our system of jurisprudence is derived, and where every facility was rendered to" the negotiation of commercial paper, and protection afforded to the bona fide holder, in all cases where the interests of trade were supposed to be promoted. By a recurrence, however, to the numerous cases upon "this subject, from which the rule is to be extracted, and its — 655 — irae extent ascertained, it will be found, that in no ease has the title of the holder of negotiable paper been sustained against the true owner, except where value has been paid, or a new credit given In consideration of the transfer itself. And though indemnity for responsibilities is undoubtedly a good-consideration for the sale or transfer of goods, or ne= gotiable paper, as against the party making it, or his representatives, yet, in none of the cases cited on the argument, and in no one that I have been able to tied, has it ever been held to be sufficient to bar the true owner, upon a fraudulent transfer. A factor, though authorized to sell, cannot pledge the goods of his principal, because, he has not the property in them. And the only reason why a different rule has been -applied to negotiable paper, the avails, perhaps, of those very goods, and in the hands of the same agent, is, because the interests of trade have been supposed to require, that every facility should be afforded to its negotiation, that thereby commercial credit might be extended, and when extended in good faith upon the paper itself, it should be sustained. It has, accordingly, been held, that where a note or bill has been lost or- stolen, and subsequently disposed of to an innocent dealer, who at the credit to the paper itself, he receives it, he may hold it even against the owner. (Grant v. Vaughan, 3 Burr. Rep. 1516. Miller v. Race, 1 Burr. Rep. 452., and the cases there cited.) The latter being a rale of commercial policy, it can bP applied only where the reason of the rule applies, and that is, where the transfer itself obtains a new credit, or, as was said on the argument, where it does the office of negotiability; as where money or goods are obtained upon the credit of the paper itself, and not where the transfer is founded opon a previous credit; because, in the latter case, the general interests of trade are in no way promoted, the only operation being, to effect a satisfaction of one person’s claim, by an equal injury to another, thus leaving the bene-' tit and disadvantage, so far as general interest is concerned, precisely balanced. — 656 — Why should a rule, founded upon commercial policy*, be extended farther than that policy requires ? That policy does not extend to a negotiation in consideration of previous credit, and, therefore, the rule itself ought not. It can hardly be deemed good policy in this country, whose interests are not so exclusively commercial as that from which we derive our notions of commercial law, to extend this, or any other rule, having for its object the favour of trade, any farther than it has been carried there. And I venture the remark, that no case can be found, where a fraudulent transfer of negotiable paper was held to devest the true owner of his title, except where the receiver himself was not only innocent, but directly prejudiced by the credit given to the paper itself. In Solomon v. Bank of England, (13 East’s Rep. 135. in note,) in trover for a note detained by the officer of the bank, on its presentment for payment, though the plaintiff had received the note bona fide from his correspondents, in reduction of the balance due him, from them whose banker he was, yet, because there were circumstances of suspicion against his correspondents, (the note having been fraudulently obtained by some person,) and because the plaintiff had not paid a valuable consideration for the note before notice, he was nonsuited, and the Court refused Jo set it aside. It is not, therefore, the mere transfer of the bill or note to' an innocent person, ignorant of the fraud, that will de^est the title of the owner, but it must be transferred upon a sufficient consideration. (Chitty on Bills, 190.) What is to be deemed a sufficient consideration, is the true question. And though, as I have before remarked, an indemnity for prior responsibilities may be a sufficient consideration for some purposes, and between parties and their representatives; yet, in the absence of authority to support it, I think it has been shown, that tested by the reason of the rule which has obtained in the Courts upon that subject, it cannot be taken as sufficient in principle to bar the owner of his title, by a fraudulent transfer. It would be inequitaMe, unreasonable, and unjust, that the benefit derived by the party claiming to hold, without correspondent injury if — 657 — Jie could not hold, should be sufficient not only to countervail, but prevail over, the unmerited injury which the owner is to sustain by his consequent loss. The true test, I take* to be, that when the holder is left in as good a condition, after a retransfer, as he would have been had no transfer taken place, there the title of the owner shall prevail. This allows the rule, so far as it is dictated by commercial policy, to have its full effect, while it protects the owner of negotiable paper, necessarily intrusted, in the course of business,, to the care of agents, from an injury revolting to every principle of moral equity. If this be a correct guide to a decision upon this subject, there can be little doubt, that the respondent’s claim to the notes in controversy ought to prevail. The appellants cannot, with any propriety, complain, that the respondent enabled Randolph Savage to impose a false credit upon them3 on the contrary, there is good reason to suppose, that the conduct of the appellants, in sustaining the pecuniary credit of R. S., to an extent apparently indiscreet, if not unusual, may have had a tendency to mislead the respondent. The respondent, however, never trusted to the pecuniary responsibility of R. &. S., as did the appellants, but merely relied upon their integrity to effect the sale, and transmit the notes that might bo received by them. Nor is there any good ground of complaint to the appellants, that they have been prejudiced by trusting to these notes, to the neglect of other security* They were favoured creditors of R. fy S. The facts that the first assignment was made for their indemnity, without their knowledge, and that these notes were delivered to them, in violation of every legal, and every moral obligation towards the respondent, show that they were highly favoured by R. fy S., and yet, notwithstanding the subsequent assignment that was made for their benefit, in preference, and to the exclusion of the respondent’s claim, they are losers, admitting the amount of the notes to be applied to the ex-tinguishment of the debt arising from the endorsements for which they have since become liable. This is their own account of the matter in their answer, and it is not pretend — 658 — ed that they were induced to become endorsers by any credit derived from the property or notes of the respondent. * These facts show, that the want of sufficient indemnity must have arisen from a want of means, and not from a want of disposition in R. S. to place, and in the appellants to take, every thing tangible into their hands. In the view I have taken of the subject, the appellants obtained no legal title to the notes, as against the respondent, and the latter having the stronger equity, is entitled to an account. In my opinion, therefore, the decree appealed from ought to be affirmed. The rest of the Senators were, also, of opinion, that the decree of the Chancellor ought to be affirmed. This being the opinion of a majority of the Court,* the following decree was entered: “ Counsel having been heard m this cause, and due deliberation being thereupon had, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed, that the decree of the Court of Chancery, in this cause, be affirmed, and that the appeal be dismissed; and that the appellants pay to the respondent his costs in defending this appeal, to be taxed; and that the record be remitted,” &c. Decree of affirmance Footnotes [*] Nov. 13th. For affirming 22. For Reversing 7.