In re the Estate of Leslie

Fowler, S. This application by those who are neither heirs at law nor next of kin of Mrs. Leslie for leave to come in and open our decree admitting her will to probate and contest the validity of such la-st will and testament, disposing of an estate which she held in full property, or as it is technically termed in fee simple absolute, is both novel and important. The application depends wholly on a recent statute of this state, to which I shall hereafter refer. Ho similar statute is to be found among the laws of any of the civilized -states of Europe. The statute — 362 — this drawn into consideration operates as a dislocation of the frame of the ancient law of English-speaking peoples. It has no parallel outside of some few American states,. In considering this statute 1 have found no precedents of authority to guide me, and therefore I am compelled to invoke the fundamental principles of our jurisprudence in order to determine the rights of the parties claiming under it. I regret that this is one of the cases where 1 must resort to arguments and sources of law not depended on by the counsel in the cause, because my conscience imperatively prompts me to find elsewhere than in their briefs and arguments the reasons of my judgment. I say this only in order to relieve counsel from any responsibility in the event that those reasons shall not ultimately commend themselves to the judgment and conscience of those superior to me in authority and in responsibility. The decree now sought to be opened probating the last will and testament of Mrs. Leslie was passed in a proceeding where every requirement exacted by law was complied with; all the persons directed by the law of the land to be cited to attend the proceeding were duly cited. The decree itself was in every respect regular. The jurisdiction of the court to render it was complete. Such a decree is one in rem, and declared by old and solemn authority, often reiterated, to be binding on all the world,, including the petitioners. (Bogardus v. Clarke, 4 Paige Ch. 623; Hoyt v. Jackson, 2 Dem. 443, 456; Matter of Lasak, 131 N. Y. 624; Heyer v. Burger, 1 Hoff. Ch. 1, 11; Matter of Wood, 8 N. Y. Supp. 884; Anderson v. Anderson, 112 N. Y. 104, 113; Matter of Kellum, 50 id. 298; Vanderpoel v. Van Valkenburgh, 6 id. 190, 199; Roderigas v. East River Sav. Inst., 63 id. 460; Kelly v. West, 80 id. 139, 145; Matter of Killan, 172 id. 547, 564; Stiles v. Burch, 5 Paige, 132 ; Whicker v. Hume, 7 H. L. Cas. 124; Concha v. Concha, 11 App. Cas. 541; Pinney v. Pinney, 8 B. & C. 335; Pinney v. Hunt, 6 Ch. Div. 98; Jones Ev., §§ 609, 610.) On such a decree persons — 363 — wherever residing had a right to rely not only by the settled law of our own country, but by the settled law of the entire civilized world. Purchasers bona, fide could acquire titles under such decree, and these titles cannot now be divested, unless all the principles governing decrees in rein are subverted. I regret to notice that it is sometimes said by publicists, and I fear not without some foundation in fact, that in some of the courts of this country we pay too little respect to the solemnity and conclusiveness of decrees in rem. This, if true, tends to belittle us in the courts of nations, known as the public courts. When we come to resolve a cause of first impression, we should always enquire in limine concerning the status of the actors or petitioners and their title to the relief sought. Every right and title recognized in American courts of justice flows either from the common law, the constitutions of government or from competent statutes. Xo other title or right is recognized in the courts of this state unless the parties are domiciled elsewhere, or the title, right or chose in action originated out of this state. This last exception denoted is not applicable here. The promovents now here seeking relief depend solely on the recent statute of this state, to which I have before referred. They derive no support from the common law or from any section of the constitutions of government. They must stand or fall by the act I am about to specify. (Laws of 1901, chap. 481, afterward made section 290a of chapter 547, Laws of 1896, and now transferred to section 91 of the Decedent Estate Law.) This statute is in terms as follows: “ When the inheritance shall have come to the intestate from a deceased husband or wife, as the case may be, and there be no person entitled to inherit under any of the preceding sections, then such real property of such intestate shall descend to the heirs of •such deceased husband or wife, as the case may be, and the persons entitled, under the provisions of this section, to inherit such real property, shall be deemed to be the heirs of such intestate.” — 364 — What does this statute mean? It does not purport to be an amendment to our ancient statute of distributions making a new class of kindred known to the law as “ next of kin!” It cannot, I think, be supported as an attempt to raise up a new class of heirs at law. It is an old principle of our common law “ that God only, and not man, can make an heir at law. (Glanville, VII. 1.)” Let us glance, by way of preliminary illustration, at some of the things the legislature cannot do. In a common law state of this federation it must be conceded that there are many things which the legislature cannot do although the constitution may not expressly prohibit them. They cannot, for example, reconstruct a family, at least without the consent of the family. They cannot declare that if a man die without surviving him a lawful wedded wife the women folk found resident in his house at the time of his decease shall have a title of dower in the order of their seniority. The legislature cannot declare that if a man die without heirs at law or next of kin then the people in the next house shall succeed to his estate. Mr. Leslie’s heirs at law are in no different category, when the state comes to deal with Mrs. Leslie’s estates in fee simple absolute, from the people next door. A word more on the nature of the powers of legislation intrusted to American legislature. It is a principle of American public law that our legislatures cannot enact any law contrary to “ natural right.” The modern English theory of the omnipotence of parliament has no place in our public law. It had once no place in the common law of England. A great English judge, Lord Chief Justice Hobabt, in the reign of James I, in the case of Day v. Savage (Hobart’s Reports 87) said by the common law: “ Even an act of parliament made against natural equity as to make a man a judge in his own case, is void in itself, for jura naturae sunt immutabilia and they are leges legrnnThis great principle, accurately stated by Lord Justice Hobabt, has disappeared from the law of England in ways I shall not stop to recite. It fortunately survives in our common and public law. — 365 — In this respect our public law continues the better traditions of the law of English speaking peoples. All will admit that an American legislature could not, for example, reenact the Herodian decree, that all infants born within two months before the act should perish. For can it take away the property of A and give it to B, although there is no definite constitutional restriction which prevents either of the absurd and improbable acts suggested by way of illustration only. Of course, all such legislation is prohibited, but only inferentially or by cross reference to the rules of the common law. The application of all this extreme hypothesis to this proceeding now in this court is this, That no matter the source from which Mrs. Leslie’s estates in fee simple absolute have sprung they became her property and beyond the control of the legislature, except in certain very well settled and limited appropriations for public uses. I do not in reality ascribe to the legislature any such fatuity as an attempt by the act under consideration to raise up a new class of heirs at law to Mrs. Leslie or to any man or woman dying seized of real property. A legislative act must always receive a rational interpretation. It must be reconciled, if possible, with justice and good sense. It is very obvious to me that the real intention of the act was to provide for some of those numerous cases where the state acquired, or was about to acquire, for default of heirs (propter defectum sanguinis as it is called), escheats or rights of escheat by virtue of its sovereign paramountcy over all ownerless things within its territorial domain. The act in question intended that in that event, and in that event only, the rights of the state should devolve on the class designated in the act. That it was within the power of the legislature so to enact, I shall assume without present inquiry, however open to doubt the point may be under the provisions of the 'Constitution restricting the disposition of the public wealth. It is unnecessary to restate the familiar principles on which the state’s title to escheats without office found rests. It would only prolong — 366 — this opinion unnecessarily. For is it necessary to pursue here the limitations on the power of the legislature to release its sovereign rights of escheat. That there are limitations on their right to release every lawyer knows. "When the state parts with its property, however acquired, it parts with it under the general rules of property. As a release can run only to those having legal title, colorable or real, the act under review is not to be taken to be operative as a release to Mr. Frank Leslie’s heirs at law, for that description of persons had no possible claim, color-able or otherwise, to the freehold estates of Mrs. Frank Leslie. In other words, his heirs could not take her estate by release even if running from the state. The rights, if any, of the heirs at law of Mr. Frank Leslie to succeed to the estate in fee simple absolute of Mrs. Frank Leslie under the act in question can only be regarded as a gift from the state. If this is accurate, they can acquire by gift from the state no better right or different right than the state itself has to such freehold estate. “Aon débeo melioris conditionis esse qu-am auctor meus a quo jus in me traoisit ” is a maxim not only of the civil law, but of the common law as well. I believe there is no known exception to the rule of law stated in this maxim. This being so, we must next enquire what rights can the state be held to have intended to confer on the heirs of Mr. Frank Leslie in the separate freehold estates formerly of Mrs. Frank Leslie. It has never been understood that the ultimate right of the state in what is known as eaducary successions, including es-cheats, entitled it to contest the probate of a will of an heirless person in order to promote its right to escheats. The will of an heirless testator stands free from attack in that quarter. It would be contrary to public policy and to all principles of the common law, nay, contrary to all rights secured to our citizens by our constitutions of government, if the state could promote its eaducary succession by a resort of that bind to its own courts of justice. The only remedy of the state for escheats is by way of — 367 — office found, or its substitute. If the state had itself no right, power or authority to contest the probate of a will of an alleged heirless man or woman, then under the great maxim already quoted those succeeding to its rights stand in no better position. I therefore hold that the heirs of Mr. Frank Leslie are strangers to this probate proceeding, and that they have no right or title which justifies their present application in this court. This court in the probate proceeding has obeyed all the mandates of the law, and it has cited to the probate all those persons that the law directed to be cited. It would, in my opinion, be highly irregular and contrary to all precedent and authority to vacate the decree of probate sought to be vacated at the instance of Mr. Frank Leslie’s heirs at law, now claiming escheats in succession to the state of Mew York. If the title or claim of Mr. Leslie’s heirs to the freehold estates of Mrs. Leslie can only be supported as a gift from the state, then this court has no jurisdiction to enforce such gift. To enforce a gift from the state the heirs of Mr. Leslie must have recourse to the great general court of the state, now invested with the jurisdiction of the former chancellors. In an exceptional case that tribunal has complete jurisdiction to grant any relief which the facts justify. Mo such power exists in this court. There are several other principles of law which ought, I think, to frustrate this application. The assertion of a servile status, or a status of illegitimacy, is not in law open to every one, and, indeed, after a great lapse of time it is open to no one. The common law of this land is full of adjudications on both these points. If a person had been for several generations a freeman, a private person cannot be heard to assert the contrary in a court of justice. A stranger cannot raise an issue of legitimacy. To permit such assertions is regarded as contrary to public policy. To allow Mr. Leslie’s heirs at law to violate these plain principles would be repugnant to justice. It is only in cases where — 368 — pedigree is directly involved that pedigree evidence is admissible. This is not such a case. Mr. Leslie’s heirs at law have no interest in the determination of Mrs. Leslie’s heirs at law. The unwisdom of any other construction of this act than that here accorded to it is exemplified by this case. When the common law: said that God only made an heir it was replete with human and divine wisdom. Such heirs are naturally tender to the memory of ancestors. Their cupidity is bounded by the law of decency and propriety. Hot for all the inheritances in the world would a freeman brand his mother or father, for example, as servile. It would be contrary to human experience and human instinct for 'blood relatives to stain their line. Any other construction of this act than that here accorded to it leads to the contrary actions and excites the worst passions of men. But I ought not to dispose of this matter without some reference to the merits of the respective contentions of the parties. It is claimed in substance on the part of Mr. Frank Leslie’s heirs at law that his widow could have no heirs at law of her own, as the only parent through whom such heirs could claim was by the ante helium, law of this country prior to 1861 held in a servile status; all such persons, like many in the Middle Ages,, being what is known in the old law as “ propertyless persons,” and therefore not stocks or stirps of descent. Of course, such a. claim seems to us now at this lapse of time a monstrous claim. But even if not monstrous in law, to my mind the evidence purporting to support the claim in this instance is- of the most inadequate and nebulous kind. Besides, the claim of Mr. Leslie’s heirs is met on the part of those claiming to be either the heirs at law and the legatees or devisees of Mrs. Leslie with most indignant and to my mind complete denials. In all countries, where a servile status exists or has once existed, the free born and their descendants are for a long period of time thereafter outraged by charges detracting from their own superior status, or by what they regard as an unjust attempt to include them,. — 369 — being of the higher caste, within the ranks of the servile caste. In view of this well-known fact, if for no other reason, this general indignation is not to be ignored in courts of justice. To my mind the cause of the indignation in this instance furnishes only another argument against a construction which would tend to bring those of alien blood within the description of heirs at law to one dying without heirs of her own blood. On the merits of the papers presented in this matter it would seem that the origin, life and memory of the deceased lady are most unjustly attacked. It appears therefrom that all" her life she was entirely free from all association with persons once of servile status; that she associated exclusively with persons not of that status, some of them more or less eminent as people of letters or in other walks of life. That she bore no trace whatever of the origin ascribed to her by the heirs at- law of her late husband is apparent from the papers before me. The members of the highly respectable 'Southern family claimed by Mrs. Leslie as her own, and by whom she was claimed, repudiate in substance all such assertions. I must say that on the papers submitted to me the contention of Mr. Leslie’s heirs at law in respect of Mrs. Leslie’s status is entirely disproved. But for the other reasons already stated the application of Mr. Leslie’s heirs at law must be dismissed. Decreed accordingly.