Williams v. Wilkes

The opinion of the court was delivered, by Coulter, J. — It is an established principle, that the laws of a state, designed only for the regulation of its own internal concerns, must be proved as facts, in other countries. Foreign judgments are usually authenticated, first, by an exemplification under the great seal of the country, which seal has been recognized by the executive and legislative departments of this country, in the [230] recognition of the government itself. But the seal of a newly-established government, not so recognized, does not prove itself. Second, by a copy, proved to be a copy. Third, by the certificate of an officer authorized by law to give such certificate, which must be properly authenticated: 2 Cranch 187, Church v. Hubbart. There may be cases where all these modes of authentication are beyond the reach of the party, either by the organization of the foreign government and its courts, or by other insurmountable causes; and in such cases, as a matter of necessity, doubtless, inferior proof would be admitted. The proceedings of prize courts, being common to the family of nations, and recognized by all as international law, are admitted upon less rigid rules. This case is not of that character. The evidence rejected by the court below was, therefore, not properly admissible under the rules relating to the admission of foreign judgments in evidence, the certificate of the officer being the only category under which it could be admitted, not having the authentication entitling even the proceedings of prize courts to be received in evidence. These must be certified under the seal of the court, by the deputy registrar, whose official character is certified by the judge of the court, and that of the judge is certified by a notary public. As a court, this is the proper mode of authenticating its proceedings as evidence in foreign courts: Yeaton v. Fry, 6 Cranch 335. I do not, therefore, adoj>t the argument of the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that the proceedings were entitled to admission under the rule for the admission of foreign judicial proceedings; more especially as the Circuit Court of the United States can, in no sense of the word, be considered a foreign tribunal 'in this State. The proceedings are not within the act of Congress carrying into effect sect. 1 of the Constitution of the United States, article 4, providing that full faith and credit shall be given, in each State, to the judicial proceedings of every other State, and providing the manner in which such proceedings shall be proved. The act of Congress was circumscribed by the constitution, and expressly confines itself to the “records and judicial proceedings of the courts of any State,” and enacts the mode of their authentication. On 27th May, 1804, the provisions of the law were extended to the judicial proceedings of the Territorial courts, which were thereafter to be authenticated in the same manner as the.proceedings of the State courts; so that the proceedings rejected by the court below could not have been admitted under the act of Congress. They were not, however, authenticated in the mode pointed out by that act: yet, notwithstanding all this, the evidence rejected was competent, duly certified, and ought to have been received. The Supreme Court of the United States is our court; the Circuit Court is part and parcel of that court. In the establishment of the judicial hierarchy, one circuit embraced several States. It is [231] indissolubly connected with the Supreme Court of the Union. An appeal lies in certain cases, and writs of error in others. In cases of difference between the circuit judge and the district judge, the point is certified into the Supreme Court for decision; and in many cases the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court is concurrent with that of the State court. What would be said of a decision that the Circuit Courts of the United States for the Eastern or Western Districts, in this State, were foreign tribunals ? Other circuits and districts are established by the same word of power, for the same purposes, and are of like proportions, with the same animating spirit in them, all proceeding from the same source — the Constitution of the United States, connected indissolubly with the Supreme Court of the United States, whose power and jurisdiction overshadows and protects us all, and where the States, like giants, may enter into controversy. In short, the Circuit Court of the United States, wherever it sits, is native here, and its seal proves itself in our courts, just as the seal of our own courts do. It is a seal of the paramount and paternal sovereignty, and, like the seal of the king’s courts of common law jurisdiction in England, as, for instance, the King’s Bench proves itself. This seal is received in all the courts of the Union, as evidence proving itself. The judgment is reversed and venire de novo awarded.