Hocker v. Woods's

The opinion of the court was delivered by Woodward, J. If a distinction, such as is made in the argument, may be taken between the discharge of a guardian from the duties of his appointment, and liability for the estate of his ward, it is not a distinction to rule this case, for the record which shows the discharge of Woods, shows also that no part of the wards’ estate had come to his hands. There was then no liability when he was discharged, and liability could not accrue afterward. True it is, that joint administrators and executors are liable for the devastavits of each other; but this is, where the trust is continued in their hands jointly. When one is discharged under the Acts of Assembly, he is liable to account for the estate still in his hands, and he may, perhaps, be chargeable with the devastavit of his fellow-trustee committed before that time; but where there has been no such devastavit, and the discharged executor, administrator, or guardian has had possession of no part of the estate, which is this case, his discharge is complete to all intents, both from duties and liabilities. But how did the discharge affect the surety in the bond ? The principle is undoubted, that if a holder of a bond against two, with a surety for both, discharges one of the obligors, he releases, thereby, the surety. But why ? Because he changes the contract of the surety without his consent. The duty to be performed was joint. The surety saw that both principals were bound for it, and. he consented to be bound for them both, but never agreed to be bound for either alone. When, therefore, the obligee discharges [468] one obligor, it must work a release of the surety, else he would be holden on a contract he never made, and would, perhaps for .the best of reasons, have refused to make. But if it was one of the conditions of the contract, that one obligor might be discharged without the assent of the surety, no such result would follow. The principle of law invoked, is, that, a surety’s contract shall not be changed without his consent; and it is a just and reasonable principle. But how does it apply to this case ? The bond into which Hocker went, was a judicial contract, prescribed and regulated by public law. It was taken by the Orphans’ Court, in the name of the Commonwealth, and was conditioned for the discharge of a duty to parties whom the Orphans’ Court had in charge. One of the powers vested by law in the Orphans’ Court, was the power to discharge either of the guardians, and leave the duty to be performed by the other. Hocker knew this, for he was bound to know it. He consented to be bound on this condition. When Woods was discharged, therefore, by due course of law, there was no violation of Hocker’s contract. It was as if he had expressly stipulated that Woods might be discharged. And he has no reason to complain even of surprise, for he not only knew it might be done, but he had notice that it was done. He was appointed to the trust in Woods’s stead, and had full opportunity, thus, to guard it from waste. But, declining to act as guardian himself, he continued bound for the acting guardian. He might have complained to the court, and ousted Strasbaugh, or required new security to be given, but he chose to stand in the position in which the law of his contract had placed him, and it is too late now for him to escape. The Acts of Assembly under which official bonds are given and judicial contracts made, enter into and modify such bonds and contracts; and parties must be considered as contracting with a view to what the law prescribes, and as assenting to all the legal consequences of their act. The judgment is affirmed.