Colvin v. Reed

The opinion of the court was delivered, November 14th 1867, by Agnew, J. — The question in the court below was, whether the dower of Susanna Taylor, wife of James Taylor, in his property in this state, was extinguished by a divorce obtained by him in the District Court of Black Hawk county, in the state of Iowa. The case stated is badly made up, but from the record and testimony of the divorce, we ascertain the following facts: James and Susanna Taylor, at the time of their marriage, in May 1857, were citizens of Pennsylvania. Shortly after their marriage they made a visit to Iowa and returned, Mrs. Taylor not being pleased with the country. After their return, she declared to him her intention not to live with him, and refunded to him $40, his bill for the expenses of her journey to Iowa. She remained at her brother’s, in Allegheny City, and he went back to Bedford county, in October, and remained there till May 1858, when he sold his farm to the defendant, and removed to Iowa, leaving his wife in Pennsylvania. In 1860 Taylor, then being a boná fide citizen of Iowa, commenced proceedings for-a divorce a vinculo, and, after due publication of notice, according to the laws of Iowa, a divorce was decreed, on the ground of the desertion alleged to have taken place in Pennsylvania. Susanna Taylor had ho actual notice, and at the time was a resident citizen of this state, never having left it. The question on this state of facts is, whether the Iowa court had jurisdiction to declare the divorce of Mrs. Taylor so as to discharge the lands of her husband in Pennsylvania from her right of dower ? Neither the person nor the property of Mrs. Taylor being within the power of the Iowa court, no extra-territorial effect can be imputed to its judgment, unless a proceeding in divorce be an exception to the general rule. The governing principle is well stated by Mr. Story in his Conflict of Laws, § 20, chap. 2; and in Steel v. Smith, 7 W. & S. 447, C. J. Gibson shows that this principle is not affected by the provision in the Constitution of the United States for giving full faith and credit to the judicial records of the several states. The same principle is recognised by C. J. Lewis, in Rogers v. Burns, 3 Casey 527. In a question of jurisdiction, therefore, there is no difference between the interstate and a foreign relation; and the only question is how far the subject of divorce forms an exception to the general principles requiring personal notice of the proceeding. The marriage relation being one of civil status, as well as of con — 379 — tract, different views have been entertained. The right of every nation or state to regulate the civil relations of its citizens, being one pertaining to the good order and proper economy of the body politic, cannot be doubted. Yet, how far in regulating the status of one within its borders, it may thereby affect the interest of another not answerable to its jurisdiction, is not so easily perceived. In the absence of a common domicil of the husband and wife, the doctrine of their marital unity is pressed in order to strengthen the jurisdiction which a husband attempts to import into the forum of the new domicil he has sought. If by legal unity the wife may be considered a citizen of Iowa, contrary to the truth, and thereby subjected to the jurisdiction of its tribunals, the case must be ended, for the provision in the Federal Constitution giving effect to the record compels us to recognise it as equal in validity with our own. But the unity of person created by the marriage is a legal fiction, to be followed for all useful and just purposes, and not to be used to destroy the rights of either, contrary to the principles of natural justice, in proceedings which, from their nature, make them opposite parties. It required their mutual consent to establish the relation from which the unity arises; and the same law of right demands them to be viewed in their separate natural condition when either proceeds against the other to destroy this relation. It is the necessary effect of their being opposite parties in the same proceeding. Upon a dissolution of the marriage, therefore, each has a right to be heard as a natural person. This sends us back to the inquiry how far a state having a right to regulate the civil status of one of the parties, may, in doing so, alter the status of another, over whom it never has had any power ? Supposing that the state of Iowa, on an ex farte proceeding, or a proceeding when notice is given only by publication, can make the divorce effectual to protect the husband within its jurisdiction from all civil and criminal proceedings founded on the marriage, and can regulate the descent and succession of his property in that state, discharged from the claims of the wife; yet can this effect be made extra-territorial upon any correct principles of universal application ? An argument is quoted to us that the “ state being interested in every marriage contract, which imposes upon its citizens a status in life, assumes to change and modify that status whenever the public good demands it. And this right, unless unjustly exercised, will be conceded by all foreign governments.” Doubtless this is correct when confined to those who are her citizens; or when applied to the question so greatly contested between the English and Scottish courts, whether the lex loei — 380 — contractus or the law of the domicil should regulate the power of divorce. Mr. Bishop, in his work on Marriage and Divorce, § 141, quoting the language of Judge Story, in his Conflict of Laws, § 230 a, says: “ The doctrine now firmly established in America upon the subject of divorce is, that the law of the place of the actual bond, fide domicil of the parties gives jurisdiction to the proper courts to decree a divorce for any cause allowed by the local law; without reference to the law of the place of the original marriage, or to the place where the offence, for which the divorce is allowed, was committed.” Excepting the last statement, in reference to the locus delicti, this is the law of Pennsylvania. But the law of domicil implies that it is the actual domicil of both of the parties, or was, when the offending party left it. In a proceeding to dissolve a marriage the parties stand upon a level of rights. When the injured party seeks a new domicil, and the domicils are, therefore, actually different, there is no greater reason why the husband’s new domicil should prevail over the wife’s, than that hers should prevail over his. In this aspect justice requires that neither should draw the other within the folds of a foreign jurisdiction. If a wife enjoying here the comforts of home, friends and refinement, should refuse to follow the whim or caprice of her husband into western wilds, or to encounter the perils and hardships of a journey to the mines of California, on what principle of that natural justice which regulates interstate law, shall the husband’s new abode draw his wife’s domicil thither ? Clearly no state right to regulate the status of its own citizens can justify this. The publication of the notice makes no difference, for back of it lies the want of power of the distant state to subject her to its jurisdiction. Nothing short of possession of the person before or at the time of the proceeding can warrant this. Even in questions of property, the situs must be within the state to subject it to jurisdiction, and beyond the particular property so situated, no right can be affected by a foreign jurisdiction: Steel v. Smith, supra. But to attend more closely to the power of the distant state in this case, we find that the rights of Iowa and Pennsylvania stand in equipoise, or rather that the former is outweighed by the latter, jurisdiction having first vested in Pennsylvania, the place of the common domicil, of the offence and of the marriage. Undoubtedly, Pennsylvania has an equal if not a greater right to regulate the status of the wife, who never ceased to be her citizen. By marriage, the wife has claims upon her husband’s property here, and the law of Pennsylvania has claims to apply it to her support, as one of its married citizens. On what principle of — 381 — right or of comity shall the decree of a distant tribunal, never having acquired jurisdiction from domicil, or otherwise, over her, cut loose these claims, and disable Pennsylvania from taking the property of the husband within her borders, to lift the burden of support from the public shoulders; or from rendering to the wife judicially that right which she has in her husband’s property, and which he neither carried away with him nor defeated by his removal ? To admit the greater right of the foreign decree is to derogate from our own sovereignty, and to withdraw from one of our own citizens the protection due to her. No correct principle of interstate law can demand this. Nor does the qualification help the opposite argument, that the right to make the decree must have been justly exercised. The jurisdiction once conceded, the proper exercise of the power cannot be inquired into; for then the record itself, under the Federal Constitution, becomes the only evidence of the rightful exercise of the power. If the right to be divorced is to be retried upon grounds of mere propriety, the adjudication contained in the record amounts to nothing. The argument ah ineonvenienti, so much resorted to, has no weight in this case. Here the husband had his remedy in Pennsylvania, the place of the common domicil, as well as of the offence. Her courts were open to him, and had jurisdiction over the person of his wife. He could file his petition, even before the period required to complete the desertion, and obtain the decree at the moment of its termination. In seeking a new domicil he abandoned these rights; and there is no justice in his complaint that he is deprived of the full effect of the Iowa decree, because he could not procure service there upon his wife. The cases which have furnished the grounds of seemingly opposite conclusions, and the arguments of writers upon this vexed question, have generally been those in which the offending party left the common domicil and put it out of the power of the injured party to proceed, except at the place of the common domicil, on the principle that jurisdiction once vested is not lost by his departure. Thus, the argument of inconvenience is of no weight. It is probably this amenability to the original jurisdiction that has led to confounding with it those cases where the injured party leaves the common domicil, and attempts to draw the jurisdiction after him into the court of a new domicil. But the case before us shows that there is a just limit to the alleged inconvenience, as well as to the state power. This is the doctrine of the Pennsylvania authorities. Dorsey v. Dorsey, 7 Watts 350, is the leading case, and is quoted at length, and with approbation, by Judge Story, in his Conflict of — 382 — Laws, § 230 a, 205, note 1. That case was the converse of this, as to the State, but the same in principle. The parties had been citizens of Pennsylvania, and married here, but had both removed to Ohio, where they were domiciled at the time of the alleged desertion of the husband. The wife returned to Pennsylvania, where, after a residence of several years, she presented her petition for a divorce a vinculo, which was dismissed for want of jurisdiction. In his opinion, Chief Justice Gibson reviewed the doctrine of the English and Scottish courts, adhering to neither, but coming to the conclusion that jurisdiction depends on the real domicil of the parties at the time and place of the injury. In the course of his opinion, he stated, that the ground of the want of jurisdiction of the wife’s libel, was the conclusive fact that the person of the transgressor was not subject to our jurisdiction, and that an attempt to bind him without it, or without hearing or notice, would be extravagant. On one point the opinion of this eminent jurist has been much doubted, to wit the locus delicti, which he asserts is also essential to the jurisdiction. It is denied by Mr. Bishop (M. & D., §§ 172 to 177, inclusive), and the legislature has since furnished a different rule in cases of desertion and adultery: Act 26th April, 1850. In McDermott’s Appeal, 8 W. & S. 256, the Chief Justice maintained the same opinion as to the locus delicti, setting out with the declaration that there is no question, that the courts here have no jurisdiction of marital duties abroad ; and were we required to decree alimony for desertion, before the parties were domiciled in the state, we would be bound to refuse it. The doctrine of Dorsey v. Dorsey as to the locus delicti, was recognised by Justice Coulter, in Hollister v. Hollister, 6 Barr 451. Even after the Act of 26th April 1850, this court maintained the same doctrine in Bishop v. Bishop, 6 Casey 416, by confining the act in its application, to the states of the Union, and holding that the principle of Dorsey v. Dorsey, and McDermott’s Appeal, applied where the desertion took place in England. Bishop v. Bishop is important for its conclusion, that a wilful and malicious desertion is not the natural and necessary inference from a wife’s refusal to accompany her husband to a foreign country; its repudiation of the fiction that the domicil of the wife is by implication that of the husband, when the purpose is to destroy her marital rights, and its declaration, that jurisdiction attaches fully only where both parties reside within the jurisdiction of the Court. The opinion’ of our brother Thompson concludes with the distinct statement, that the respondent not being found to 'be — 383 — within the jurisdiction of the Court, it was right in dismissing the libel. The contrariety of decision in other states makes the examination useless in view of the fact that our own decisions give forth no uncertain sound. The New York and Massachusetts cases mainly accord with ours. Jackson v. Jackson, 1 Johnson 181; Borden v. Fitch, 15 Johns. 121; Barber v. Root, 10 Mass. 265 ; Hanna v. Turner, 14 Mass. 230 ; Harteau v. Harteau, 14 Pick. 181. Mr. Bishop (M. & D., § 155), lays it down, that to entitle the Court to take jurisdiction, it is sufficient for one of the parties to be domiciled in the country, and that service of a citation is unnecessary when it cannot be made. In all of the authorities cited in support of this position, the reasoning falls back upon the ground that marriage is a status of the citizen, and the right of the state to regulate it, and upon the inconvenience of the citizen being without a remedy. These arguments have been noticed, and it has been shown, I think, that the principle finds a limit, when confronted by the equal and prior right of another state; and by the acts of a plaintiff, who has abandoned his domicil and his remedy, to take up a new domicil, where the defendant has never appeared. But whatever may be the result of the decisions in other states, we must stand upon the doctrine of our own cases. The case stated provides for no judgment, if the opinion of the Court should be with the defendant below, who is the plaintiff in error. There can be only a judgment of reversal. The judgment of the Court below is, therefore, reversed.