De Haven v. Bartholomew

The opinion of the court was delivered, by Agnew, J. That an action of debt or assumpsit may be maintained against the alienee of a purchaser or other person accepting land expressly charged with the payment of money, as the means [128] of enforcing payment ont of the land, is supported by abundant authority: Pidcock v. Bye, 3 Rawle 183; Hise v. Geiger, 7 W. & S. 273; Shelly v. Shelly, 8 Id. 153; Unangst v. Kraemer, 8 Id. 391; Kline v. Bowman, 7 Harris 24; Buckley’s Appeal, 12 Wright 491; Heist v. Baker, 13 Id. 9. This would seem to contradict the rule that there must be a privity of contract in assumpsit. But it arises out of the privity of estate in the assignee, near or remote, wrhose estate is thus charged; and originated in the want of a remedy in equity to enforce the charge. It was adopted as a means of subjecting the land to execution by a judgment de terns: Pidcock v. Bye; Shelly v. Shelly, supra. Debt is the appropriate form of action, but assumpsit will lie. The only doubt which can arise is that created by the decision in Unangst v. Kraemer, supra, in which it was held that to maintain the action against the alienee he must have bought expressly subject to the charge, making the sum charged thereby a part of the purchase-money. But in a case like this, where the law itself binds the estate, such a distinction would defeat the object in view in giving the action against the alienee, which is to enforce the charge directly against the land. The 41st section of the Act of 29th March 1832, provides that the principal sum of the widow’s share shall remain “ charged upon the premises,” the interest to be paid to her annually by “ the persons to whom such real estate shall be adjudged, their heirs or assigns holding the same,” and on the death of the widow “ the said principal sum shall be paid by the children or other descendants to whom the same shall have been adjudged, their heirs and assigns holding the same, to the persons thereto legally entitled.” It seems to be very clear, therefore, that by the express words of the law the alienee holding the land is bound for the payment in respect to his land : Shelly v. Shelly, 7 W. & S. 160, 161. Now though the payment is secured by a recognisance or a mortgage taken under the order of the court, they are but collaterals, the lien being established by the law itself: Hise v. Geiger, 7 W. & S. 275; Brooks v. Smyser, 12 Wright 90. The alienee is therefore liable in respect to the land he holds independently of the recognisance, and it must be immaterial to the owner of the charge whether the alienee bought expressly subject to it or not, for the purpose of the action is to enforce the payment of the charge against the land by a judgment de terris. In Hise v. Geiger, Justice Rogers, who delivered the opinion in Unangst v. Kraemer, held that the alienee is in no better situation than the first purchaser, or heir taking under the decree of the court, for that decree is at the foundation of the alienee’s title: 7 W. & S. 75. He was therefore bound to notice the encumbrance, and to provide for it as respects the owner of it. The owner must be paid at all events. It is unimportant to the alienee whether the action be in debt [129] or assumpsit, or upon the recognisance, its only effect being to charge his land. But it may be important to the owner of- the money to have his action directly against the alienee in case of the death, absence or disability of the cognisor or his surety. But the question scarcely arises in this case, there being no prayer for instruction, and no charge excepted to on this point, while the evidence shows that Mr. and Mrs. Be Haven both recognised their liability. The Statute of Limitations is inapplicable, and it is immaterial whether the form of action be debt or assumpsit. The subject of the action is a debt of record, and the action is not grounded on any lending or contract without specialty, and therefore not barred by the statute. It is the nature of the cause of action, such as a legacy, a foreign judgment, a widow’s interest, an award at common law, or a distributive share rather than the form of action which determines the applicability of the statute, as the following cases will show: Thompson v. McGaw, 2 Watts 161; Boebler v. Snavely, 5 Id. 225; Richards v. Bickley, 13 S. & R. 395; Dillebaugh’s Estate, 4 Watts 177; Bank v. Hill, 2 W. & S. 56 ; Patterson v. Nichol, 6 Watts 379. We discover nothing in the bills of exception to the evidence to require a reversal of the judgment. The objection to the admission of Mrs. Cleaver’s declaration was rendered unimportant by the answer of the witness, which did no harm — in fact amounted to nothing. He proved but little, and that little had been fully and more than fully anticipated by the testimony of the preceding witness, which had gone in evidence without special objection to what Mrs. Cleaver had said. The second assignment is unsupported by any bill of exception. Upon the whole, finding no error in the record, The judgment is affirmed.