Novicky v. Krauczunas

Opinion by Mr. Justice Stewart, This protracted controversy had its inception in the refusal of the bishop of the diocese within the bounds of which was included St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church, and to whom the title of the property of the said St.. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church had been conveyed for a special and temporary use, to reconvey — 88 — the same to the trustees of the congregation in accordance with the express desire of a majority of the adult members of the congregation at a meeting regularly called, on the ground, as claimed, that under the canons of the Roman Catholic Church the title to all church property is required to be in the name of the bishop of the diocese, to be held by him, not for the particular congregation, but for the church at large. This phase of the controversy was before us in Krauczunas v. Hoban, 221 Pa. 213, which was an appeal from a decree supporting the contention of the bishop, and we there held, reversing the decree of the court below, that under the provisions of the Act of April 26,1855, P. L. 328, the title to the church property was in the congregation of St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church regardless of what the canons of the Roman Catholic Church required, and that the property was subject to the control and disposition of the lay members of the congregation, but subject, however, to all the terms and conditions upon which the same may have been bequeathed, devised or conveyed to such unincorporated church. We accordingly reversed the decree of the lower court and directed that a decree be entered requiring that a conveyance be executed by the bishop of the diocese for the premises held by him in trust for St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Congregation of the City of Scranton to the plaintiffs’ the regularly chosen trustees of the congregation, in trust for said congregation. In obedience to this decree Bishop Hoban reconveyed the property to the trustees appointed by the congregation ; but simultaneously therewith he issued his episcopal decree placing St. Joseph’s Church under an interdict forbidding Catholic worship therein, and forbidding, under pain of ecclesiastical censure, any Catholic to enter the church so long as the interdict remained unrevoked. Next followed the case of Mazaika v. Krauczunas, 233 Pa. 138, which was an appeal by the trustees of the con — 89 — gregation from a decree of the lower court directing a reconveyance of the church property by the trustees to the bishop pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the congregation at a regularly called meeting. We sustained the appeal, reversing the action of the court below, on the ground that the action taken at the congregational meeting, as disclosed by the resolution adopted — to which we refer without reciting — was a clear attempt to invest the bishop with authority over the congregation’s property which the law expressly forbade. So stood the case — the trustees appointed by the congregation holding the legal title to the property — when certain of the original members of St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church congregation, who, obeying and observing the episcopal interdict, had refrained from worshipping in St, Joseph’s Church and had established a place of worship elsewhere, filed a bill in which they alleged that the trustees of St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church were permitting certain pastors or ministers not regularly ordained priests of the Catholic Church, in good standing, to officiate and conduct worship therein, and praying that such pastors and ministers be restrained from intermeddling with the temporal or spiritual affairs of the congregation, and that the trustees be restrained from installing in such church any pastor or minister other than a regularly ordained minister of the Catholic Church in good standing. This bill was sustained in the court below and an injunction issued as prayed for. On an appeal, (Novickas v. Krauczunas, 240 Pa. 248) we again reversed the lower court. In the opinion filed in the case we said: “The situation as thus presented is briefly this: the congregation can have no other worship in their church than that prescribed and authorized by the Catholic Church, through a regularly ordained priest in good standing; and yet it can have no such worship so long as the church rests under episcopal interdict; and the inter90 diet will be removed only as the members of the congregation will consent to an alienation of their church property such as the law of the land forbids quite as expressly and explicitly as it does the diversion of church property to other uses than those to which the property was originally dedicated and for which it must be held. Deprived of the right of Catholic worship in their own church by ecclesiastical authority, except upon conditions which that authority has no right to exact, and which the congregation is protected by law in resisting; it may well be questioned whether an abandonment of all religious worship in the church, under the interdict, would not be quite as much a diversion of the property from its original uses, as permitting religious services therein to be conducted by ministers belonging to a different communion. But we decide nothing as to that. What we do decide, and all we decide is, that because the evidence in the case makes it apparent that the purpose of the bill is to accomplish indirectly that which we have repeatedly declared may not be done, the plaintiffs in the bill have no standing to ask equitable relief. If they desire to proceed further, their appeal must be first to the ecclesiastical authority which has forbidden Catholic worship in the church for rescission of the episcopal interdict that inhibits it.” Subsequently, 13th April, 1912, very shortly after the opinion in the case last referred to had been filed, the episcopal interdict forbidding Catholic worship in St. Joseph’s Church was formally and publicly withdrawn, thus removing the only obstacle to the resumption of Catholic service in the church. This was followed by a formal and public revocation of a decree excommunicating the trustees because of their resistance to the demands of the bishop with respect to the title to the church property. Thereupon the present bill was filed by plaintiffs, members of St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church at the time the episcopal interdict was issued, on their own behalf and on behalf of all other members — 91 — desiring to join therein, setting forth the above facts, and averring further that the defendants, notwithstanding the removal of every obstacle to the resumption of Catholic worship in the church persistently have refused to permit the regularly appointed pastor of the congregation, and the only one acting under episcopal authority in that relation, to conduct services therein, and have persistently kept and maintained as pastor of the congregation Rev. Stanislaus Mickiewicz, not ordained by or in communion with the Catholic Church, but in communion with and holding allegiance to another distinct ecclesiastical establishment, and praying that an injunction issue restraining the said Rev. Stanislaus Mickiewicz from conducting religious worship or service in said church or in any wise officiating as a member in said church, and enjoining and restraining the other defendants from installing in the church the said Rev. Stanislaus Mickiewicz, or any pastor or minister other than a regularly ordained priest of the Catholic Church in good standing; from establishing any form of worship therein other than that prescribed and authorized by said Catholic Church through a regularly ordained priest, and from diverting said church and property of said congregation to any form of public worship other than that prescribed and authorized by the said Catholic Church. The answer to the bill admits that from its inception the congregation of St. Joseph’s Church was in ecclesiastical relation and union with the Roman Catholic Church, and that since the erection of the church building the same has been used by the congregation for public worship according to the rights of the Roman Catholic Church down until by the episcopal interdict Catholic worship therein was. forbidden during the continuance in force of the interdict. The contention made by the answer is that “the effect of the said interdict, issued in accordance with the laws of the Roman Catholic Church, and the final refusal of the church authorities in December, 1911, to remove the — 92 — same, was to make the said St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Congregation an independent congregation, and that the said congregation is not now in any manner subject to the jurisdiction of the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church.” The court below awarded the injunction as prayed for and this appeal followed. While the answer contains much more than we have recited, what we have here given of it states the whole question. It avers that the episcopal interdict was not revoked in good faith; but into that question we will not enter, for the one sufficient reason that whether in good or bad faith.it has effectually removed the one and only consideration on which we based our recent decision in Novickas v. Krauczunas, supra. The complaint there was that defendants were diverting the property from its original uses by allowing other worship therein than that prescribed by the Catholic Church. We have distinctly asserted that it was not in the power of the congregation to divert the property from its original use, but held that the plaintiffs had no standing to ask equitable relief so long as the episcopal interdict, which prevented defendants from having Catholic worship in the church, was in force, and that their appeal must first be to the ecclesiastical authority which had forbidden Catholic worship in the church for rescission of the interdict that prescribed it. Nothing can be found in any of the opinions of this court touching this controversy from first to last, which gives even the slightest warrant for supposing that any departure was intended from the settled rule that forbids a diversion of property of a religious society from the uses, purposes and trusts to which it may have been lawfully dedicated. It is a fact, if not expressly admitted too clear for contradiction, that St. Joseph’s Lithuanian Catholic Church of Scranton was originally dedicated and devoted to Christian worship according to the rights and regulations of the Roman Catholic Church, and that the congregation owning the church property was in — 93 — organic union with the Roman Catholic Church subject to its government and discipline. The contention on part of the defendants is that this relation was severed by episcopal action when the interdict was proclaimed. A clear corollary to this would be that while the congregation may not divert the properly, which is its own, from the uses and trusts to which it was originally dedicated, the bishop of the diocese by his episcopal authority may, a deduction to which we cannot agree. The whole purpose of the interdict was disciplinary, it was a temporary suspension of the right of Catholic worship in the church with a view, as we found, through exercise of ecclesiastical power, to accomplish a purpose on the part of the bishop which we had condemned as against the law of the land. It was not intended to separate the body of St. Joseph’s Congregation from the Roman Catholic Church, or to renounce for the congregation its claim to the church property. It would have been ineffective had it been otherwise. So long as the episcopal interdict was in force we declined to interfere, at the instance of those obeying the interdict, to prevent those defying it from having a form of worship in the church nearest akin to that which the interdict forbade; but now, with the interdict removed, the appellees, emboldened perhaps by our indulgence, openly assert their independence of the authority of the Catholic Church, and their purpose to devote the church property to other uses than those to which it was originally devoted, by uniting the church to another wholly separate and distinct church organization. For this no warrant can be found in any of the decisions of this court. Such of the complainants as were members of St. Joseph’s Congregation when the interdict was issued, remain members notwithstanding they have meanwhile been worship-ping in another church, and as members they have an undoubted right to protest against any diversion of the church property to other than its original uses. The assignments of error are accordingly overruled, and the decrees are affirmed at the cost of the appellants.