Hunter v. Reed

Opinion by Orlady, J., The defendants conducted a large retail clothing store, which occupied four contiguous buildings, and were disposing of their stock of goods preparatory to removing the business to another location. Through the inducement of reduced prices a large number of customers were attracted, requiring additional salesmen. In order to expedite the sales, six dressing-rooms or booths, in which to make exchanges of clothing, were arranged in the store, and in each was placed a notice in the following form: “We are not responsible for articles left in the dressing closets. Jacob Reed’s Sons.” The plaintiff went to the store to purchase a pair of pantaloons, and after examining a number, and selecting a pair, he was told by the salesman, who was acting for the defendants in negotiating the sale, to “ step in any of these closets that you see open and put the pants on.” Acting upon this direction the plaintiff entered an unoccupied closet, removed the clothing he was then wearing and hung it upon a clothes hook or pin in the booth. After putting on the new trousers he was requested by the salesman to go into the next room and inspect the garment in a mirror; when he returned to the booth to resume the clothes, he had left in it, he found the booth occupied by a person who was a stranger to him and to the salesman. He recovered his clothing and went into an adjoining dressing-room to put it on, when he discovered that some money had been taken from his pocketbook which he had carried in the left hip pocket, and, later on, that a diamond ring which he had placed in the fob pocket of his trousers was missing. He promptly announced the loss of the money to several salesmen, and pointed out to them the man who had been in the booth in which he had left his clothes. The salesman referred him to the manager, and he directed him to one of the proprietors who disclaimed all liability for the loss, and did not make any effort to recover the property. The property was never recovered, and the trial in the court below resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for his claim of $41.00 of money and $82.50 for the diamond ring. In Woodruff v. Painter, 150 Pa. 91, our Supreme Court held under somewhat similar facts: “ When the defendants opened a retail clothing store, they thereby invited the public [115] to come into their place of business and purchase clothing in the usual manner, and when they extended this invitation they assumed some duty to the people who should respond to it. . . . Whatever thus necessarily, or, in common with people generally, he habitually carries with him, and must necessarily lay aside in the store while making or examining his purchases, he is invited to lay aside by the invitation to come and purchase, and, having laid it aside upon such invitation and with the knowledge of the dealer, he has committed it to his custody. And this being a necessary incident of the business upon which the customer was invited to come to the store, the care of the property would be within the authority of the salesman assigned to wait upon him ; it would be part of the transaction in which he is authorized to represent his employer.” It is true that in this last case the appeal was to remove a nonsuit which had been entered by the court below, but the principle announced is as convincing as if the opinion had sustained a verdict in the plaintiff's favor. The appellants contend that the plaintiff was so culpably negligent in not heeding the notice in the dressing-room as to relieve them from all liability, but there is no evidence that his attention was directed to the notice, and he denies that he saw it. The jury may have considered that its size and- location did not sufficiently inform the plaintiff of any risk, or that it did not apply to him, as he had not finished his use of the room or “ left ” it, in the sense of the notice. The dressing-rooms were arranged and used to facilitate the sales, which were reciprocally beneficial, and the degree of care to be given to the articles of clothing properly left therein, was at least that of ordinary diligence. The quality and price of a garment might be satisfactory to the purchaser, but to induce a prompt sale the booth and mirror were furnished to aid in convincing him as to its style and, fit. These adjuncts were employed by the dealer, and to utilize them it was necessary to remove all or a part of the outer clothing worn by the purchaser. As the mirror was some distance from the booth, the V purchaser would not reasonably be expected to carry his own 1 clothes to it, and he accepted the invitation suggested by the clothes hook or pin, to hang them up in the booth. No' hire* was paid for the care of the clothing left in the booth or for the [116] use of the defendants’ appliances, but tbe manner of effecting the sale through the plan adopted by the defendants was a necessary incident of a business in which the bailee made a profit, as in Woodruff v. Painter, supra. And while his property was in the booth the plaintiff was entitled to a reasonable protection of all'the property which is ordinarily worn or used by a man under similar conditions. The risk from theft was enhanced in proportion to the increased crowd in the store at that time, and precautions in proportion to the increased risk should have been taken to protect the dressing-room while, at the request of a salesman, the customer was absent therefrom. A proper supervision of these rooms would have been reasonable and ordinary care, but it appears that they were left free to the use of any one who desired to enter them. A more serious question is presented in regard to the plaintiff’s right to recover for the loss of the diamond ring which was in the fob pocket of his trousers. The learned trial judge instructed the jury as to the duty and liability of the defendants in this regard, as follows: “ He is only responsible for that degree of care and attention which a person would naturally prudently exercise towards property that was placed in his custody for the time being. He is only responsible, in any event, for such articles as a person would naturally and ordinarily be expected to carry about with him. It would be very unreasonable, I think you would say, if a man went into a clothing store with his pantaloons pocket full of diamonds, and removed the trousers and laid them aside and somebody should come in, carry the whole garment away, or remove the contents of the pocket, that the proprietor of the store should be held bound to answer for the pocket full of diamonds. It would naturally be expected that a man would have money in his pocket, a reasonable amount of money. If a man had $1,000,000 in his pocket, it would be very unreasonable to say to the proprietor of a store that he should be held responsible for that in any such circumstances as are involved in this case. I refer to that because the question may arise, if you think the defendants are responsible for any portion of the plaintiff’s claim, as to whether they are responsible for the value of the diamond ring, whether or not a man would naturally' and ordinarily carry a diamond ring around in the fob pocket of his panta [117] loons; whether the natural place for him to carry the ring would be on his finger?” Ordinarily the court cannot decide as matter of law just how, where, and, when an item of property is to be worn or carried so as to be within the rule laid down in Woodruff v. Painter, supra, Bunnell v. Stern, 122 N. Y. 539 (a lady’s cloak), Morris v. Third Avenue Ry. Co., 23 How. Pr. 345 (a lady’s satchel), and Pullman Palace Car Company v. Gardner, 14 W. N. C. 17 (a watch and pocketbook). This question depends largely on the facts of each particular case. The rule laid down in Woodruff v. Painter, supra, is intended to apply to such property only as the purchaser necessarily, or, in common with people generally, habitually carries with him and must necessarily lay aside while making his purchases. But when property is of a kind, or of a value, or is carried in such a way, or in such a place, as to give no suggestiontothe storekeeper that it is of extraordinary value, or when it is carried in an unusual place, the customer should give notice of that fact so as to put the- storekeeper on his guard, and a special contract for its care could then be made or declined. The liability of the storekeeper is quite different from that of an innkeeper. The salesman, in the ordinary scope of his employment to sell clothing, was not authorized to receive valuable jewelry for safe-keeping, and the customer had no right bo assume that fact. The courts are expected to take notice of such matters as are within the common experience or knowledge of men, and it is but reasonable to hold that it is quite outside of the ordinary conduct of men to carry a million dollars, or a pocketful of valuable gems, in their usual clothing. A diamond ring is designed and made to be worn on a finger, and not to be carried in a fob pocket of trousers. When property of like character is carried in such an unusual place it is clearly outside of the rule of Woodruff v. Painter. Under the facts of this case the plaintiff was not entitled to recover for the loss of the diamond ring. The sixth assignment of error is sustained, and the judgment is modified in accordance with this opinion. The judgment is now entered in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of 141.00 and costs. The costs of this appeal to be paid by the appellant.