Louderback v. Warner

Opinion by Rice, P. J., By the Act of March 4, 1815, 6 Sm. L. 257, it was enacted that certain persons, who were named in the act, “and their successors,” be a body politic and corporate in law and in fact by the name, style and title of The Penn’s Manor Meadow Company. By the express terms of the act it was to continue in force for forty years and no longer, but by the Act of April 30, 1855, P. L. (1857) 738, it was revived and extended for the period of twenty years thereafter, and in addition to the corporators named in the act of 1815 other persons, who were named, “and their successors ” were declared to be a part of the incorporated company. In 1875, certain persons, describing themselves as members of The Penn’s Manor Meadow Company, and representing that they were desirous of being rechartered and having said corporation renewed under the provisions of the corporation act of 1874, presented to the president judge of Bucks county their certificate, setting forth, inter alia, the names and residences of the members of the proposed rechartered corporation, and that the purpose for which it was to be carried on was “the same for which the original corporation was formed, viz., to promote and encourage agriculture in reclaiming overflowed lands in Penn’s Manor, Falls township, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, by erecting and maintaining banks, sluices, creekways and ditches for that purpose.” The judge approved the certificate and decreed that the said The Penn’s Manor Meadow Company should be and exist as a new corporation under the provisions of the act of 1874 and of its renewed charter. — 143 — The purpose for which the corporation was created in 1815, its original powers in respect of the matters now in question, and the obligations and liability of the members, may be gathered from secs. 2 and 5 of the act. In the former it was provided that “ each member of the company, their heirs and successors, shall pay to the trustees, for the time being, his, her or their proportion of all expenses incurred or to be incurred by the trustees hereinafter named, and their successors appointed as hereinafter mentioned, in such manner as the company at their annual meetings shall from time to time direct.” And sec. 5 provided that the temporary trustees named in- the act, and their successors to be elected by ballot by the members of the company at their annual meetings in January (we quote the language of the section), “shall attend to and have dug a sufficient main ditch through the main branches of the marsh or meadow aforesaid, so as to give all the fall the ground will admit of, and shall keep the same open, and likewise the bank and sluices at or near the river in good repair, and shall keep a regular account of the expenses thereof, which shall be apportioned among the members according to the quantity of land by them respectively held in said meadow, and until it shall be otherwise directed by the company, they shall call on each member to work out his, her or their portion of the expense aforesaid; Provided that the nature of the work and the urgency of the case will admit, and should any member neglect or refuse to make payment, the said trustees shall have power to sue for and recover the same, and all other moneys which shall become due to the company, as other debts of the same amount are recoverable; and cause a survey and valuation of the said marsh to be made when directed so to do by the company.” The marsh or meadow thus referred to is not described in the act, nor are its. location, boundaries and extent indicated therein, otherwise than by the title under which the company was incorporated. But it appears by the books of the company that upon its organization-the company made, or adopted, a survey and valuation of the meadow, by which it was ascertained that it contained 120 acres and forty-seven perches of — 144 — land, which was held by the members in severalty, and that their holdings were of varying values per acre. According to this survey and valuation, which have been made the basis of all subsequent assessments, including those in question, eight acres and 137 perches of the land embraced in the meadow, valued at $646, were owned by Robert Crozier, one of the members of the company named in the act of incorporation. By proceedings in partition after his death his title passed to William P. Crozier, who subsequently joined in the proceeding ünder which the company was incorporated. Henry C. Watson acquired his title to the farm, of which these eight acres of meadow land form a part, by purchase at sheriff’s sale upon a mortgage executed by William P. Crozier in 1868, and in 1887 conveyed the land to George Warner, the defendant. During the period covered by this action the farm was occupied by W. Y. Warner, the defendant’s tenant. The tenant was notified of, attended and participated in meetings of the company, at one time was elected and acted as a trustee, at another time as secretary, and also voted for some of the assessments. In addition to proof of these facts, evidence was given on the trial that the defendant consulted with a trustee about the drainage of the meadow and about opening a ditch through his part of it; that he requested that a meeting of the trustees be called to consider that subject, which he promised to attend, but no meeting was called, and nothing appears to have been done pursuant to his suggestion; that in connection with a settlement of an indebtedness to one of the trustees, incurred by the tenant on behalf of the defendant for building a barn on the latter’s premises, the tenant also paid to the trustee an assessment made by the company, which payment upon being informed of it, the defendant expressed satisfaction with; and that a bill for another year’s assessment was presented to the defendant, which he promised to send a check for, but did not pay. This action of assumpsit was brought to recover taxes (so called in the resolutions of the company) imposed by the company'in the years 1891,1892,1900 and 1902, being in each year — 145 — a percentage of the original valuation of the defendant’s land embraced in the meadow. These and similar charges upon other individuals were imposed to meet the expenses, principally of constructing, repairing and maintaining an embankment and sluices to protect the meadow against overflow by tide water. While there is evidence that these works protect and benefit all of the land in the meadow, including that of the defendant, we find no evidence in the record that any of his land abuts directly upon them; indeed, it was admitted by plaintiff’s principal witness that none of the work for which the assessments were made was done on the defendant’s property. The contention of the plaintiff, as stated by its counsel, is that The Penn’s Manor Meadow Company is a quasi-municipal corporation for the purpose of opening ditches and keeping in repair banks and sluices upon the lands embraced within the control of the corporation, which would greatly improve their value; that the purpose for which it was created was an improvement in which the public have an interest, and which will advance the general welfare of the locality; that the state may choose such agents in its own way to carry out its commands in regard to taxing or police or other general powers; and that by the charter every landowner who became a corporator became a member of the corporation and subjected the lands held by him to a tax, whether in his name or that of his successor in title, who would stand in his place as-a member of the corporation. Even if that view of the company’s powers be taken, it may well be questioned, whether as against one who never voluntarily became a member of the company, and who did not acquire title to the land in the drainage district until 1887, an apportionment of the expenses incurred in later years according to the varying valuations of the lands made in 1815, is a constitutional mode of taxation according to special benefits conferred, or can be sustained under a power to apportion the expenses among the members according to the quantity of land held by each in severalty. But passing that question, and conceding for present purposes, but without deciding the point, that the rechartered company — 146 — has the power of taxation, as above claimed, if the original company had it (a proposition open to very serious question, as shown by the opinion of the learned judge below), it is nevertheless indisputable that it has no power to make the expenses incurred by it a charge upon the lands embraced in the meadow or to impose personal liability therefor upon anyone except members of the company. The language of the act is not open to a construction that would enable the company to assess the defendant and collect the assessment by action unless he was a member of the company. Was he a member? We have recited the evidence as to his acts and declarations after he became owner of the land, and concur with the learned judge below in the conclusion that they are insufficient to sustain a finding that the defendant ever became a member by his own voluntary action, or that he estopped himself by his acknowledgments or conduct to deny that he was a member. Nor did the acts of the tenant in becoming a member and participating as such in the business of the company, even though these were known to and acquiesced in by the defendant, enlarge the powers of the company so as to enable it to charge the land with a portion of the expenses, or to subject the defendant to a personal liability to which he would not have been subject otherwise. It follows that in order to maintain this action the plaintiff must establish the proposition that no voluntary action on the defendant's part was necessary to make him a member of the company, that by operation of law he became a member the moment he became the owner of the land within the limits of the meadow, and that by reason of the membership thus enforced upon him he became liable to assessment for the purposes contemplated by the act of 1815. In support of their contention counsel cite the following from Cooley on Taxation, which was quoted with apparent approval in Rutherford v. Maynes, 97 Pa. 78: “When any considerable tract of land owned by different persons is in a condition precluding cultivation by reason of moisture and overflow, which embankments and drains would relieve, the public have such an interest in the improvement, and the consequent advancement of — 147 — the general interest of the locality, as will justify the levy of assessments upon the owners for the purposes of such improvements: Cooley on Taxation 424, and cases cited in note. No doubt general taxation is admissible for this purpose, but the special benefits from enhancements of value must accrue mainly to the owners of the lands, and legislation which imposes the costs upon those who, without the improvements, would be the principal sufferers, is probably in most cases wiser and better.” But it is to be noticed that in the same connection Justice Trtjnkey said: “When there is no consideration other than the improvement of land as property, the authority to levy such assessments is confined within limited bounds,” and further: “Every statute which authorizes assessments upon the owners for improvement of their lands, ought to be strictly construed. If it admit of two constructions, one consistent with the bill of rights the other repugnant, it should receive the former. It is said that the statute malcés the owners of this island a quasi corporation. Be it so. The managers have just the powers, and none' other, that are given expressly or by necessary implication.” The same principle is clearly enunciated in 2 Abbott’s Mun. Corp. 1138, from which the learned judge below quotes as follows: “The principles controlling and regulating the enforcement and collection of special assessments will also control this particular one. Such provisions are generally strictly construed, operating as the exercise of an arbitrary power directed against private property.” Viewing the case in the light of these principles, we observe that the power to tax every owner of land within this comparatively inconsiderable district is not expressly given; nor is there any express declaration in the act that the original membership of the company was confined to owners of land within the district, nor that future membership should be so restricted, nor that any person who should succeed to the title to land of a member should, nolens volens, succeed to his rights and obligations as a member. Nothing of this kind can be implied from the words of the fifth section, in which the powers of the company are defined. If it is to be implied at all it is from the word “successors” as used in the first and second — 148 — sections. But a careful examination of those sections shows that it is not necessary to supply, by construction, the words “in title” after the word “successors” in order to effectuate the obvious purpose of the legislature. The construction of the word, certainly as used in the first section, to mean successors in membership' to the corporators specially mentioned is quite as appropriate and reasonable. Construing the act as a whole, there seems to be a necessary implication that a' prerequisite of the power to assess a member is his ownership, or at least holding, of land within the district, because as has been seen, the expenses are to be apportioned according to the quantity of land held by the members, but we are not convinced that there is any necessary implication of the power to assess every owner of such land. If the legislature intended to delegate to the company this extreme power, and to make voluntary membership in the company a nonessential to its exercise, it would have been easy to express its grant of power in such manner as to preclude doubt, as was done in the special acts construed in Rutherford v. Maynes, 97 Pa. 78: Robb v. Philadelphia, 25 Pa. Superior Ct. 343; Tinicum & Kingsessing Meadow Co. v. Farrell, 8 W. N. C. 502; Garrett v. Kilpatrick, 13 W. N. C. 384. It need not be declared that it is not within the province of the legislature to thus delegate the power of taxation or to subject an owner of land to the duties and obligations of membership in such corporation without his consent: Nor do we go so far as to say that the proposition of the appellant’s counsel as above stated is not an arguable oxxe. But notwithstanding the able argument of appellant’s counsel we are unable to say that the power they claim to be vested in the company has been expressly given or arises by necessary implication. If on the other hand we take the fifth section of the act as expressing the extent and limits of the power to assess, and hold, as the words of that section read, that it does not extend beyond the assessment of actual members of the corporation, no absurd result will be reached and some of the objections which were held fatal to the act construed in Rutherfoxd’s Case, 72 Pa. 82, will be avoided. See also Philadelphia v. Scott, 81 Pa. 80. We conclude that the learned judge below — 149 — was right in holding that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. The judgment is affirmed. Head, J., dissents.