McCleary v. Pittsburg Railways Co.

Opinion by Head, J., The verdict of the jury has established that the infant son of the plaintiffs, under six years of age, was killed by the negligent operation of the defendant’s car. On the trial the plaintiffs were able to prove that the father had been required to pay funeral expenses, etc., to the amount of $147. They did not undertake to call any witness to prove, by opinion or estimate or otherwise, the pecuniary value to them of the life which had been lost. By reason of this the learned trial court instructed the jury that there was no evidence for their consideration which would warrant them in assessing da'mages above the sum actually expended by the father. They accordingly rendered a verdict for $147 on which judgment was entered and the plaintiffs appeal. The Act of April 15, 1851, P. L. 69, as amended by the act of 1855, provides that, “whenever death shall be occasioned by unlawful violence or negligence and no suit for damages be brought by the party during his or her life,” certain persons named therein, “may maintain an action for and recover damages for the death thus occasioned.” It will be at once observed that the statute is silent as to the intrinsic nature of the “damages” to — 370 — be recovered, the measure by which their amount is to be ascertained and the character of the evidence by which that measure is to be established. Judicial construction of the statute along these lines and others at once became a necessity and a long line of decisions followed. It may be sufficient here to cite Penna. R. R. Co. v. Zebe, 33 Pa. 318; North Penna. R. R. Co. v. Robinson, 44 Pa. 175; Penna. R. R. Co. v. Keller, 67 Pa. 300; D., L. & W. R. R. Co. v. Jones, 128 Pa. 308; and Haggerty v. Pittston Boro., 17 Pa. Superior Ct. 151, as particularly relevant to the case in hand. In spite of the difficulties immediately apparent the statute was found not to be barren of evidence pointing to the legislative intent. The sum to be recovered was denominated by the legislature “damages.” The legal significance of that word was as old as the law. Its primary idea is compensation by a wrongdoer for the injury he has inflicted. But if the death of a human being were to be regarded as it affected the minds and hearts of those survivors who had been bound to the lost one by the nearest and dearest of human ties, compensation for the injury was impossible. By a process of unanswerable reasoning then the courts reached the conclusion that in such cases it was only the material injury to the survivors consequent on “the death thus occasioned” that was to be compensated by the “damages” to be recovered. It was therefore held in Penna. R. R. Co. v. Zebe, 33 Pa. 318, that an instruction which left the entire question of damages to the jury, without any direction to exclude from their consideration those consequences of the negligent act above referred to, incapable of compensation, was erroneous. The principle thus declared has been uniformly applied and is now part of the settled law. Whilst therefore we must start with the proposition that it is the pecuniary value of the lost life that is to be recovered, it is still to be remembered that the right to recover is rooted in the fact that the death has been caused by the negligent act of the defendant. The legis — 371 — lature has declared that “whenever” a death has been “thus occasioned,” the proper party “may maintain an action for and recover damages.” The necessary difficulties in the way of producing direct evidence, by the mouths of witnesses of the exact pecuniary value of a lost life are not destructive of the fundamental right to recover. In several of the cases cited these difficulties were recognized and forcibly stated but were not considered as a bar to the recovery of some damages. Another step forward was taken when the courts determined that in fixing the pecuniary value, to the survivors, of a life lost through negligence, the jury could not consider whether the previous financial status of those claiming damages, had been impaired or enhanced because of the termination of that life. So it was said in North Penna. R. R. v. Robinson, 44 Pa. 175, “if we are careful to remember that the value of the life lost, to be estimated by a pecuniary standard, is what is to be recovered for, we shall fall into no such error as in supposing that none but those who can show some actual damage, are entitled to recover.” Again in Penna. Railroad Co. v. Keller, 67 Pa. 300, it was declared: “life, by law, had a value for the loss of which the survivors had a right to be compensated, in view of its circumstances. . . . None are without value in the eye of the law, and because there are difficulties in the way of determining the question of value, it is not a good reason for denying it altogether.” Now it ought to be fairly manifest that every plaintiff, who begins an action of this character, does not encounter the same difficulties in presenting to a jury such facts as, with the aid of their common intelligence and sound judgment, will enable them to reach a rational estimate of the pecuniary value of the life that has been lost. That life, by the development; acquisition and retention of earning capacity or otherwise, may have assumed a material relation towards the survivors, the money value of which becomes a subject of proof through the ordinary channels of testimony. In such cases, as in all others, the — 372 — law requires the production of the best evidence available. But in other cases, of which the present is an illustration, the life lost may have been cut off in infancy or spent itself along the lines of those social, domestic or moral human relations that exhibit no commercial side. In such cases when a plaintiff has proven all of the relevant facts susceptible of affirmative proof, is he to be denied the benefits of the statute because he cannot prove more? We are unable to reach such a conclusion. In Delaware, L. & W. R. R. Co. v. Jones, 128 Pa. 308, we have a case in which it seems to us the exact point raised by the record before us was disposed of and we therefore quote from it at some length. The action was by the surviving husband to recover damages for the death of his wife. No direct evidence as to the extent of his pecuniary loss was offered by the plaintiff. It was simply shown to the jury that she was a woman about sixty-six years of age and had been and was at the time of the injury a healthy woman. Under these circumstances the defendant’s counsel asked the learned trial court to affirm a point that because the evidence of the plaintiff did not show that he suffered any pecuniary loss by the death of his wife, there was nothing in the case to warrant the jury in finding that he did suffer any substantial damages and their verdict should be but for a nominal sum. The learned trial judge refused the point and charged the jury on that subject in the following language: “It is compensation for the pecuniary loss that the plaintiff would be entitled to recover under the testimony in the case. And that is what the value of her services was as the wife of the plaintiff. That is a difficult question to answer, even laying aside all sentimental considerations. You are to take into consideration her age, her condition in life so far as it has been shown by the testimony, her health, the probabilities as to her living and being able to render services, and measure the damages in that way.” In affirming the judgment for the plaintiff, the Supreme Court, by Mr. Justice Sterrett,' used the following language: “Evidence was introduced — 373 — by plaintiff below to prove that the deceased, Mrs. Jones, was his wife, that she was sixty-six years of age, and had always been a healthy woman, etc. Presuming that in the absence of any rebutting evidence, the jury might and doubtless would infer that she was an ordinarily industrious and useful wife, capable of discharging properly the duties of her position, and that consequently her death was a pecuniary loss to him, plaintiff below did not undertake to prove that she possessed any specially or exceptionally good qualities, as with propriety he might have done if the subject of his loss had been a horse or other animal. Nor was it either necessary or proper that he should do so. The court was clearly right in refusing to charge as requested.” Upon, the trial of the present case the jury had before them as witnesses both the father and mother of the deceased child; they had evidence of the nature of the occupation of the father and thus of his general social condition; they had the ages of each parent, showing that they were in the prime of life; they had the fact that the child was large for his age, a strongly, built boy, in good health, bright and intelligent. Beyond these matters, shown by the direct evidence, the jury had the right to apply to them the results of the observation and experience which are the common inheritance of intelligent men. By the application of such knowledge to the facts in evidence, the jury, under our system, was first to determine the liability of the defendant by ascertaining whether or not the conduct of its servants was that of men of ordinary prudence and care. If they could thus establish the fact of liability, there seems no good reason why they should not also be permitted to fix the extent of that liability within the limitations which the courts have declared were intended by the legislature in the enactment of the statute. It is but fair to the learned trial judge to say that he felt himself constrained to adopt the views he expressed to the jury by reason of his interpretation of the very late — 374 — utterance of the Supreme Court in the case of Peters v. Bessemer R. R. Co., 225 Pa. 307. It may first of all be observed that the court, in that case, could hardly have intended to modify, much less to reverse the long line of cases to which we have referred because no one of them is mentioned in the report of the case either as cited by counsel or referred to by the court. The action there was by a mother for the death of her son about seventeen years of age who was employed by the defendant as a brakeman at the wages of $70.00 per month. The defendant asked the court to affirm the following point: “The burden was upon the plaintiff to show what the net earnings of her son would probably be during minority. She has not shown what the cost or probable cost of his board, clothing and maintenance during minority would be, and there is no evidence upon which the jury can base a calculation of his net earnings. They cannot be permitted to guess at the probable cost of his board, clothing and maintenance, and the verdict therefore should be for the defendant.” The learned trial judge refused the point and added some instructions as to the manner in which the jury should view that question. In reversing a judgment for the plaintiff, Mr. Justice Brown, speaking for the court, said: “Though the defendant’s eleventh point could not have been affirmed as a whole, complaint is justly made that the jury were permitted to guess at the probable cost of boarding and clothing the deceased during his minority. The instructions were that they would have to find this item from the evidence and could not guess at it, but there was not a particle of evidence as to what the probable cost of the son’s maintenance would be. The jury therefore simply did guess. This must not be permitted on the new trial, for some proof of the probable cost of maintenance during minority is indispensable in an action like this for damages by the parent.” We may here note that the judgment was reversed with a venire. Had the mere failure of the plaintiff to affirm — 375 — atively prove the precise amount of pecuniary loss she suffered been legally sufficient to defeat her action, there would have been no occasion for a venire. She undertook to prove affirmatively that the life of her deceased son had assumed towards her a relation with a tangible, commercial aspect to the end that the pecuniary value of that life might be based on his earnings which she had shown.to be at the rate of $70.00 per month.' But under the circumstances this, without more, was not a fair basis, because she was not entitled to have her compensation measured by the gross earnings of the deceased. Prom that sum there must first be deducted the cost of his boarding, clothing, etc., whilst earning them. There was no legal difficulty in the way of her making affirmative proof of the approximate cost of such boarding, clothing, etc., for a young man seventeen years of age living in the community and under the conditions in which he lived, and the court simply held that under such circumstances it was her duty to make such proof. We are of opinion that case was not intended to be controlling of the question presented by this record. In our judgment the case should have been submitted to the jury with instructions to take into consideration the facts in evidence, already noted, and to determine from them what was the probable expectancy of life of the deceased child, and then, excluding all considerations of the character to which we have previously adverted, to estimate the pecuniary value to the plaintiffs of that life during minority and thus arrive at the damages which the plaintiffs ought to recover. Of course we do not mean to express any opinion as to the value of the defense which was made before and may be made again on the new trial. As to that feature of the case, there is not now at least any complaint as to the manner in which it was submitted to the jury. Judgment reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded.